MOTIVATION & BEHAVIOUR Flashcards
What is motivation?
- motivation is the foundation of sport performance
and achievement - the general desire or willingness of someone to do something
- derived from the individual’s psychological tendencies and on aspects of the social environment in which they develop, train and compete.
What is the direction of effort?
- refers to whether an individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to certain situations
What is intensity effort?
- refers to how much effort a person puts forth in a particular situation
What is the relationship between direction of effort and intensity?
- direction affects intensity
- ex.) if you are late for class (direction), how good is your effort (intensity)?
What is a trait centred view of motivation?
- motivated behaviour is primarily a function of individual characteristics
- therefore the athletes characteristic, needs, goals are primary determinants of motivated behaviour
What is a situation centred view of motivation?
- motivation level is determined primarily by the situation.
What is an interaction view of motivation?
- motivation results neither solely from participant factors, nor situational factors, but how these two factors interact
What are some personal factors that affect motivation?
- personality
- needs
- interests
- goals
What are some situational factors that affect motivation?
- leader-coach style
- facility attractiveness
- team win-loss record
What is intrinsic motivation?
- motivation that stems directly from an action rather than a reward
- doing an activity for its inherent satisfaction
What is extrinsic motivation?
- behaviour that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise
What are some aspects to consider in regards for a realistic view of motivation?
- autonomy
- mastery
- purpose
What are the guidelines for building motivation?
- both situations and traits motivate people
- people have multiple motives for involvement
- change the environment to enhance motivation
- leaders influence motivation
- use behaviour modifications to change undesirable participant motives
What is autonomy in regards to motivation?
- autonomy occurs when humans have control, task, time, technique and team.
- control leads to compliance, autonomy leads to engagement.
- autonomy involves learning, working with passion, and embracing your mistakes
What are the three approaches to understanding motivation for behavioural change?
- behavioural approaches
- cognitive approaches
- cognitive behavioural approaches
What is the behavioural approach when looking at motivation?
- focuses on conditioning
- learning from the environment
- operant conditioning
- vicarious conditioning
- operant strategies
What is the cognitive approach when looking at motivation?
- emphasizes the role of thought patterns and cognitive habits that determine behaviour.
- looks at the individuals interpretation of the external environment.
- automatic thought processes, cognitive errors and core beliefs can be altered
What is the cognitive-behavioural approach when looking at motivation?
- cognitions influence emotions and behaviour
- behaviour affects thought patterns & emotions
- self-monitoring, goal setting, feedback, decision making
What is achievement motivation?
- refers to a person’s effort to master a task, achieve excellence, overcome obstacles, perform better than others, and take pride in exercising talent
- a person’s orientation to strive for task success, persist in the face of failure and experience pride in accomplishments
- also known as competitiveness
What is competitiveness?
- a disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with some standard of excellence in the presence of evaluative others
- an achievement behaviour in a competitive context, with social evaluation as a key component
What is the theory of planned behaviour?
- highlights personal/social factors as influencing behaviour and intention to perform
What are the three main antecedents of the theory of planned behaviour?
- attitude reflects positive and negative evaluation of engaging
- subjective norms reflect social pressure to perform
- perceived behavioural control reflects extent behaviour is volitional
What are some applications of the theory of planned behaviour?
- focus intervention on enhancing individuals intentions
- improve attitude by increasing knowledge of benefits
What is the self-determination theory?
- people naturally endowed with innate tendencies for personal growth and development & flourish when social environments are optimal
What is amotivation?
- absence of motivation
- no connection between one’s actions and outcomes.
What is intrinsic motivation?
- activity undertaken because it is enjoyable, interesting, stimulating, or self-rewarding
What is external regulation?
- actions performed to meet an external demand, achieve a reward, or avoid punishment
What is introjected regulations?
- performing behaviour to avoid negative emotions
What is identified regulation?
- behaviour linked to personal importance and value
What is integrated regulation?
- making choices about behaviours that are part of the whole self.
- consistent with a persons identity
What is the organismic integration theory?
- suggests motivation is best understood as a multidimensional concept along a continuum
What are the three psychological needs in regards to the application of the self-determination theory?
- autonomy
- competence
- relatedness
What is autonomy?
- feeling one has choice and control of behaviour
What is competence?
- feeling effective and capable when undertaking challenging tasks
What is relatedness?
- meaningful connections with others in environments such as exercise
What are the two dimensions of the achievement goal theory?
- task goal orientation
- ego goal orientation
What is task goal orientation?
- focuses on past performances as origin of competence feelings
- opportunities for personal growth and mastery
What is ego goal orientation?
- comparing with others to gain social status
- success emanates from outperforming others
What is achievement goal theory?
- depends on developmental & situational factors
- young children unable to distinguish between effort & ability
- motivational climate influences achievement goal state
Emphasizing what evokes ego orientation?
- winning and competition
Emphasizing what evokes task orientation?
- mastery and effort
What is the competence motivation theory?
- especially in children
- motivated to feel worthy or competent (primary determinant of motivation)
- athletes’ perceptions of control work along with self worth and competence evaluations to influence their motivation
- feeling influence affective or emotional state that in turn influence motivation
What is the link between social influences and motivational outcomes and behaviour?
- social relationships play a large role in motivational processes for youth
- importance of supportive other for physical activity
What is the importance of social motivation in practice?
- social interactions & relationships motivate participants
- coaches can be positive & supportive
- parents can provide resources to be active and promote sport and activity.
- parents can discuss children’s sport experiences
- provide feedback to nurture positive relationships
