AGGRESSION

Question 1

What are the two character development perspective?

Answer 1

• structural-developmental perspective

- social learning perspective

Question 2

What is moral development?

Answer 2

• the process in which an individual develops the capacity to reason morally

Question 3

What is the structural-development perspective?

Answer 3

• pre-conventional morality (fear of punishment, hope of rewards)
• conventional morality (conform for approval)
• post-conventional morality (principled actions)

Question 4

What is the social learning perspective?

Answer 4

• learned through reinforcement and modelling

Question 5

What are some factors influencing moral behaviour?

Answer 5

• sport environment: Influenced by coach
• motivational climate: mastery vs. performance
• team norms: standards that influence behaviour
• goal orientation: task vs. ego-orientations

Question 6

What is aggression?

Answer 6

• any overt verbal or physical act intended to injure another living organism either psychologically or physically

Question 7

What is violent behaviour?

Answer 7

• extreme physical aggression, with “no direct relationship to the competitive goals of sport.”

Question 8

What is assertive behaviour?

Answer 8

• forceful, vigorous, and legitimate actions with no intent to injure opponent

Question 9

Aggressive behaviour involves what four key points?

Answer 9

• behaviour (action), not emotion or feeling
• verbal or physical
• intended to physically or psychologically harm
• directed toward another living organism

Question 10

What is instrumental aggression?

Answer 10

• aggressive acts serving as a means to a particular goal.
• intent is to harm
• injury is impersonal and limits opponents effectiveness (i.e. bodychecking).

Question 11

What is hostile aggression?

Answer 11

• goal is to cause injury

- intent to make victim suffer

Question 12

What are some factors influencing aggression perception?

Answer 12

• against norms in sport-specific culture
• viewpoint involved in behaviour (aggressor or victim)
• outcome of act (injury?)

Question 13

What is bullying?

Answer 13

• imbalance of power between peers where the one who is more powerful repeatedly attacks the less powerful with the intention to harm

Question 14

What is hazing?

Answer 14

• any potentially humiliating, degrading, abusive, or dangerous activity expected of individual to belong to a group, regardless of willingness to participate

Question 15

What are some psychodynamics in regards to aggression?

Answer 15

• humans are born with behavioural tendencies causing them to act in certain ways
• freud believed aggressive behaviour is innate
• purging aggression is known as catharsis
• has little support today

Question 16

What is the frustration-aggression theory?

Answer 16

• aggression is natural response to frustration
• theory has shortcomings
• revised theory: aggression can have causes than frustration and frustration can lead to behaviours other than aggression

Question 17

What are some physiological explanations for aggression?

Answer 17

• aggression is physiological in nature
• brain pathology: research indicates aggressive behaviour characteristic of people with brain tumours
• blood chemistry: aggression linked to the hormone testosterone (steroids use is one exception)

Question 18

What is the social learning theory in relation to aggression?

Answer 18

• a person is neither driven by inner forces nor controlled solely by environmental influences
• people are aggressive because they have learned that aggression pays
• the use of aggressive behaviours can lead to success

Question 19

What are the two forms of social interaction influence aggressive behaviours?

Answer 19

• modelling: Observing aggressive models and retaining tendencies
• learning: acquiring new responses due to reinforcement

Question 20

What is moral disengagement?

Answer 20

• individuals refrain from behaviours that violate their moral standards.

Question 21

When does aggression peak?

Answer 21

• during middle years (figure 6.1)

Question 22

What is the relation between physical size and aggression?

Answer 22

• height and weight positively correlate with the number of aggressive penalties

Question 23

What is deindividuation?

Answer 23

• the process occurring when an individual feels less identifiable by others

Question 24

what are some personal factors influencing aggression?

Answer 24

• passion

- athletic identity

Question 25

What is the connection between aggression and home playing advantage?

Answer 25

• home teams winning 58.9% of decided games
• home teams received more aggressive penalties in games they won, while visiting teams incurred more aggressive penalties when they lost

Question 26

What are some group factors influencing aggression?

Answer 26

• collective efficacy: a team’s perception of their ability to use aggressive behaviour as a tactic or strategy
• group cohesion: as teams become cohesive, they exhibit more aggressive behaviours

Question 27

What are some consequences of aggression?

Answer 27

• 59% of injuries occurred because of an opponent’s aggressive act
• elevated arousal levels
• emotions associated with aggressive incidents
  alteration in the individual’s arousal level
• penalization attempts to discourage this behaviour

Question 28

What is fan identification?

Answer 28

• extent to which fans feel psychologically connected to a team

Question 29

How can we reduce aggression in sport?

Answer 29

• emphasize fair play
• encourage and reward appropriate behaviours
• utilize task goal orientation instead of ego goal orientation
• punishment for aggression is more meaningful than reinforcement

Question 30

What are some options for educational interventions to reduce aggression?

Answer 30

• workshops and classes for stakeholders
• teach psychological skills to help cope
• educate about anabolic steroids and consequences

Question 31

What are some behavioural modification practices to help reduce aggression?

Answer 31

• assume responsibility for actions
• participate in programs designed to reduce aggressive behaviour
• work on self-awareness and develop strategies and coping skills.

Question 32

How can we change the sporting environment to reduce aggressive behaviour?

Answer 32

• ban or regulate alcoholic beverages at events
• promote athletic events as family affairs
• create enjoyable experiences emphasizing fair play

Question 33

How does media exploit aggression?

Answer 33

• replaying acts of aggression repeatedly
• glorifying aggression in feature stories
• promoting previous aggression between competitors to encourage attendance