AGGRESSION Flashcards
What are the two character development perspective?
- structural-developmental perspective
- social learning perspective
What is moral development?
- the process in which an individual develops the capacity to reason morally
What is the structural-development perspective?
- pre-conventional morality (fear of punishment, hope of rewards)
- conventional morality (conform for approval)
- post-conventional morality (principled actions)
What is the social learning perspective?
- learned through reinforcement and modelling
What are some factors influencing moral behaviour?
- sport environment: Influenced by coach
- motivational climate: mastery vs. performance
- team norms: standards that influence behaviour
- goal orientation: task vs. ego-orientations
What is aggression?
- any overt verbal or physical act intended to injure another living organism either psychologically or physically
What is violent behaviour?
- extreme physical aggression, with “no direct relationship to the competitive goals of sport.”
What is assertive behaviour?
- forceful, vigorous, and legitimate actions with no intent to injure opponent
Aggressive behaviour involves what four key points?
- behaviour (action), not emotion or feeling
- verbal or physical
- intended to physically or psychologically harm
- directed toward another living organism
What is instrumental aggression?
- aggressive acts serving as a means to a particular goal.
- intent is to harm
- injury is impersonal and limits opponents effectiveness (i.e. bodychecking).
What is hostile aggression?
- goal is to cause injury
- intent to make victim suffer
What are some factors influencing aggression perception?
- against norms in sport-specific culture
- viewpoint involved in behaviour (aggressor or victim)
- outcome of act (injury?)
What is bullying?
- imbalance of power between peers where the one who is more powerful repeatedly attacks the less powerful with the intention to harm
What is hazing?
- any potentially humiliating, degrading, abusive, or dangerous activity expected of individual to belong to a group, regardless of willingness to participate
What are some psychodynamics in regards to aggression?
- humans are born with behavioural tendencies causing them to act in certain ways
- freud believed aggressive behaviour is innate
- purging aggression is known as catharsis
- has little support today
What is the frustration-aggression theory?
- aggression is natural response to frustration
- theory has shortcomings
- revised theory: aggression can have causes than frustration and frustration can lead to behaviours other than aggression
What are some physiological explanations for aggression?
- aggression is physiological in nature
- brain pathology: research indicates aggressive behaviour characteristic of people with brain tumours
- blood chemistry: aggression linked to the hormone testosterone (steroids use is one exception)
What is the social learning theory in relation to aggression?
- a person is neither driven by inner forces nor controlled solely by environmental influences
- people are aggressive because they have learned that aggression pays
- the use of aggressive behaviours can lead to success
What are the two forms of social interaction influence aggressive behaviours?
- modelling: Observing aggressive models and retaining tendencies
- learning: acquiring new responses due to reinforcement
What is moral disengagement?
- individuals refrain from behaviours that violate their moral standards.
When does aggression peak?
- during middle years (figure 6.1)
What is the relation between physical size and aggression?
- height and weight positively correlate with the number of aggressive penalties
What is deindividuation?
- the process occurring when an individual feels less identifiable by others
what are some personal factors influencing aggression?
- passion
- athletic identity
What is the connection between aggression and home playing advantage?
- home teams winning 58.9% of decided games
- home teams received more aggressive penalties in games they won, while visiting teams incurred more aggressive penalties when they lost
What are some group factors influencing aggression?
- collective efficacy: a team’s perception of their ability to use aggressive behaviour as a tactic or strategy
- group cohesion: as teams become cohesive, they exhibit more aggressive behaviours
What are some consequences of aggression?
- 59% of injuries occurred because of an opponent’s aggressive act
- elevated arousal levels
- emotions associated with aggressive incidents
alteration in the individual’s arousal level - penalization attempts to discourage this behaviour
What is fan identification?
- extent to which fans feel psychologically connected to a team
How can we reduce aggression in sport?
- emphasize fair play
- encourage and reward appropriate behaviours
- utilize task goal orientation instead of ego goal orientation
- punishment for aggression is more meaningful than reinforcement
What are some options for educational interventions to reduce aggression?
- workshops and classes for stakeholders
- teach psychological skills to help cope
- educate about anabolic steroids and consequences
What are some behavioural modification practices to help reduce aggression?
- assume responsibility for actions
- participate in programs designed to reduce aggressive behaviour
- work on self-awareness and develop strategies and coping skills.
How can we change the sporting environment to reduce aggressive behaviour?
- ban or regulate alcoholic beverages at events
- promote athletic events as family affairs
- create enjoyable experiences emphasizing fair play
How does media exploit aggression?
- replaying acts of aggression repeatedly
- glorifying aggression in feature stories
- promoting previous aggression between competitors to encourage attendance
