GROUP PROCESS Flashcards
What does the linear perspective entail?
- it is assumed that the group changes, progressively develops, and moves through different stages
- critical issues arise in each successive stage and when they are successfully dealt with, the group moves on
- stages were referred to as forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning
What does the forming stage of the linear perspective consist of?
- the group members become familiar with each other and begin to identify the group’s task
- become familiar with each other’s skills and abilities and to determine a plan of action
What does the storming stage of the linear perspective consist of?
- tension and conflict arise
- during this stage, various group members may attempt to resist the group’s influence and impose their preferences on the group
What does the norming stage of the linear perspective consist of?
- the group begins to draw together
- leader arises
- characterized by cooperation, cohesiveness, and consensus on the group’s goals and objectives
What does the performing stage of the linear perspective consist of?
- the team becomes completely focused on achieving team success
What does the adjourning stage of the linear perspective consist of?
- termination of duties, reduction in dependency on the group, and possibly break up of the group
What is cohesion?
- dynamic process which reflects tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of its instrumental objectives and/or for the satisfaction of member affective needs
What are the four characteristics of cohesion?
- dynamic, not static
- factors that hold groups together are varied and numerous - multidimensional in nature. (factors vary between groups)
- instrumental in nature - all groups form for a reason
- affective reasons - strong emotional ties among group members
What are sociograms?
- capture task and social relationships
What is sociometry?
- graphically and mathematically summarize patterns of intermember relationships
What are the two main groupings in the conceptual model of group cohesion?
- individual aspects: beliefs group members hold about personal benefits
- group aspects: beliefs members hold about the group as a collective
What two further aspects do individual and group aspects divide into?
- task cohesion: orientation towards achieving group’s objectives
- social cohesion: orientation towards developing and maintaining social relationships within group
What are the four cohesion factors in sport groups?
- individual attraction to the group-task
- individual attraction to the group-social
- group integration-task
- group integration-social
What are some environmental factors that are correlates of group cohesion?
- specific activity setting
- group size (smaller the group, the greater the cohesion)
What are some leadership factors that are correlates of group cohesion?
- leaders behaviour
- instruction
- positive feedback
- social support
- decision style
- autocratic style (stresses personal authority)
- democratic style
What is team building?
- programs promoting increased sense of team unity and cohesiveness, enabling the team to work together more smoothly
What is indirect team building?
- intervention filtered through coach or exercise leader & done by third party
What is direct team building?
- intervention specialist works with team
What are the four stages of team building?
- introduction: coaches and leaders receive overview of cohesion benefits
- conceptual: provides frame of reference for participants
- practical: coaches develop practical strategies for own group setting
- intervention: coaches take developed team-building protocols into groups
Why is team building important?
- enhances cohesion
- entire season resulted in higher perceptions of cohesion
What is hazing?
- use of harassment, abuse or humiliation to initiate new group members
- teams who did more hazing-type activities were less cohesive
What are some personal factors that are correlates of group cohesion?
- individual adherence
- individual is exercising freely versus being told by a health professional
What is social loafing?
- the reduction in individual effort when individuals work collectively compared to when they work alone
- tend to loaf when in groups and the effect occurs consistently across many populations and with many different tasks
What is individual sacrifice?
- individual and teammates’ sacrifice contribute to team task and social cohesion
- internal sacrifices made by individuals and teammates have powerful effect on cohesion
What is self-handicapping?
- using strategies that protect one’s self-esteem by providing excuses for forthcoming events
What is psychological momentum?
- a perception on the part of team members that the teams progressing towards it’s goal
What are mediators?
- mechanisms that account for the effect of one variable on another
