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Neuroscience > Stress > Flashcards

Stress Flashcards

1
Q

The cluster of physiological changes associated with stress is defined as

A

The stress response

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2
Q

Stress can be ____ or ____

A

Acute

Chronic

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3
Q

Stressors acting on neural circuits involve the release of: (3)

A

ACTH
PVN
Glucocorticoids

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4
Q

Most common glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

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5
Q

Stressors activate the ____ nervous system

A

Sympathetic

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6
Q

2 things released from the adrenal medulla in response to stress?

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

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7
Q

ACTH acts on the

A

Adrenal gland

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8
Q

ACTH is a

A

Hormone

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9
Q

ACTH acts on the adrenal gland, which involves the release of (3)

A

Glucocorticoids
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

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10
Q

Psychosomatic disorders are medical disorders with…

A

Psychological factors playing a causal role

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11
Q

Bacteria causing gastric ulcers?

A

H-Pylori

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12
Q

H-Pylori is present in 75% of people WITHOUT stomach ulcers. What does this suggest?

A

Insufficient in causing disorder alone

Stress increases susceptibility

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13
Q

If microorganisms breach surface barriers and enter the body, they are met by two lines of defence:

A
  1. Innate immune system

2. Adaptive immune system

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14
Q

Two sub-types of the immune system?

A

Innate and adaptive

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15
Q

Together, the innate and adaptive immune system constitute the

A

Immune system

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16
Q

Which is the first immune system to react?

A

Innate immune system

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17
Q

Which is the QUICKEST immune system to react?

A

Innate immune system

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18
Q

One of the first reactions from the INNATE immune system is

A

Inflammation

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19
Q

The innate immune system is triggered when

A

Toll-like receptors bind to molecules on surface of pathogens

20
Q

The group of peptide hormones causing inflammation is called

A

Cytokines

21
Q

Cytokines

A

Group of peptide hormones

Involved in innate immune response

22
Q

Cytokines attract (2)

A

Leukocytes

Phagocytes

23
Q

Cytokines also promote the healing of…

A

Damaged tissue

24
Q

One example of a phagocyte

A

Microgalia

25
Q

The destruction of pathogens by phagocytes is called

A

Phagocytosis

26
Q

Adaptive immune system differs from innate in 4 respects

A
  1. Recently evolved
  2. Slower
  3. Specific
  4. Has a memory
27
Q

Lymphocytes are found in the

A

Adaptive immune system

28
Q

Two major classes of lymphocytes

A

T cells

B cells

29
Q

T cells:

_____ mediated immunity

A

Cell

30
Q

B cells:

____ _mediated immunity

A

Antibody

31
Q

The role of lymphocytes is to

A

Destroy foreign cells that have already been attacked by phagocytes

32
Q

T cells

Phagocyte ingests a microorganism

Then, the T-Cell with..

A

The appropriate receptor binds to the phagocyte

33
Q

After the T-Cell has bound to the appropriate receptor, it

A

Develops into a form that kills ingested cells

34
Q

How many kinds of T cell receptors are there for each antigen

A

One for every type of antigen

35
Q

B cells

Release ____

A

Antibodies

36
Q

B cells

The antibodies bind to…and…

A

Antigens

Kills the microorganism

37
Q

How does memory relate to the adaptive system?

A

Mechanism that gives vaccinations their preventative effect

38
Q

T cells and B cells have receptors for

A

Glucocorticoids

39
Q

Lymphocytes have receptors for (3)

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Glucocorticoids

40
Q

Which region of the brain is particularly susceptible to stress?

A

Hippocampus

41
Q

Why might the hippocampus be particularly susceptible to stress?

A

Dense population of glucocorticoid receptors

42
Q

Early exposure to stress –> increase in

A

Release of glucocorticoids in response to stressors

43
Q

Rat pups with high-nurturing mothers raised by low-nurturing mothers do NOT have an increase tendency to develop anxiety. This indicates

A

Specific factors were inherited from their mothers that protects them (epigenetic)

44
Q

An 8 week training programme in mindfulness resulted in….

A

Significant increases in antibodies to influenza vaccine

45
Q

Participants who went away on an intensive meditation retreat had greater…

A

Telomerase (immune cell) activity

Neuroscience (20 decks)

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