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Neuroscience > RMs > Flashcards

RMs Flashcards

1
Q

Why is X-Ray not a good technique for seeing the brain?

A

Brain doesn’t have much variability in texture

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2
Q

Contrast X ray is usually used to see contrast between

A

Intravascular (blood vessels) and extravascular parts

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3
Q

Contrast X-Ray

Injected substances known as

A

Contrast agent

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4
Q

MRI uses magnetism to ‘see’ the position of

A

Hydrogen atoms in water molecules

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5
Q

MRI is sensitive to differing tissue types, e.g. (2)

A

Grey matter

White matter

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6
Q

Benefit of MRI?

A

High spatial resolution

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7
Q

fMRI tunes the scanner to be sensitive to…

A

Oxygen levels in blood

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8
Q

fMRI

Activated brain cells use ________, so fMRI tells us about brain activity

A

More oxygenated blood

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9
Q

PET is excellent for

A

Information on specific biological processes

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10
Q

PET is poor for (2)

A

Spatial + temporal resolution

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11
Q

3 limitations of PET

A

Poor spatial/temporal resolution

Uses radiation

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12
Q

EEG tells us about _____ brain activity

A

Regional

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13
Q

A way of counteracting ‘system noise’ in EEG?

A

Signal averaging

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14
Q

Two limitations of EEG?

A

System noise

Analysis long/complex

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15
Q

EEG

Different wave types represent…

A

different processes

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16
Q

Which method can simulate brain lesions?

A

TMS

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17
Q

How does TMS ‘switch off’ brain regions?

A

Induces a current

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18
Q

TDCS

A mild current _____ or ____ neurons

A

Excites

Inhibits

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19
Q

3 ways of measuring cardiovascular activity?

A

Heart rate

BP/volume

20
Q

TMS

What does the electrical current do that ‘switches off’ regions?

A

Disrupts ongoing activity

21
Q

3 guiding principles for research involving animals….

A

Three R’s
Replacement
Refinement
Reduction

22
Q

“Replacement” “Refinement” “Reduction”

These are the 3 principles guiding

A

Research involving animals (UK)

23
Q

Animals most often used in research?

A

Mice

24
Q

4 things we can do with animal models that we can’t do in humans

A
  1. Direct measurement of activity
  2. Determine connectivity
  3. Disrupt connectivity
  4. Lesion
25
Q

Although EEG measures electrical activity of neurons, the _______ is poor

A

Spatial resolution

26
Q

Method of recoding cellular brain activity

Targets single cells

A

Intracellular

27
Q

Method of recoding cellular brain activity

Target large number of cells

A

Extracellular

28
Q

If the tip of the electrode is inside the cell, it is deemed _________

A

Intracellular

29
Q

How can we measure connectivity between structures in animals?

A

Stimulating electrode - location A

Recording electrode - location B

30
Q

Anterograde tracers…

A

Maps out connection from region A to B/C

31
Q

Two types of tracers

A

Anterograde

Retrograde

32
Q

‘Cutting’ connections between brain structures gives us…

A

An understanding of causation

33
Q

“The cortical tissue is drawn off by suction through a pipette”

What lesion method is this?

A

Aspiration

34
Q

“Used when a lesion is to be made in an area accessible to the eyes/instruments of a surgeon”

A

Aspiration

35
Q

“Small-subcortical lesions are commonly made by passing radio-frequency current through the target tissue”

Which lesion is this?

A

Radio-frequency lesions

36
Q

“Sectioning (cutting) is used to eliminate conduction in a nerve or tract”

What lesion is this?

A

Knife cut

37
Q

The ______ is used to locate brain structures

A

Stereotaxic atlas

38
Q

What is the method used to position a device within the depths of the brain?

A

Stereotaxic surgery

39
Q

“Temporarily eliminating activity in a particular area of the brain”

Which lesion is this?

A

Reversible

40
Q

“The field that investigates the effect of drugs on thought/behaviour”

A

Psychopharmacology

41
Q

Some drugs will mimic ______
Some will block _______
Some will prevent _______
Some will block _______

A

The neurotransmitter to act on the receptor
Receptor
Manufacture of NT
Re-uptake

42
Q

Pharmacological manipulations can be combined with other methods, e.g.

A

phMRI

43
Q

The APP knock-in mouse

A

Has a gene that causes overproduction of amyloid

44
Q

Optogenetics is where we can make brain cells….

A

Sensitive to light

45
Q

Optogenetics is where we can make brain cells sensitive to light. As a result

A

We can switch them on or off in precise ways

Neuroscience (20 decks)

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