Intro

Question 1

Define the membrane potential?

Answer 1

Diff. in electrical charge between inside and outside of cell

Question 2

Neurons are specialised for (3)

Answer 2

1. Reception
2. Conduction
3. Transmission

Question 3

Neurons have a ______ membrane

Answer 3

Semi-permeable

Question 4

What is the resting potential?

Answer 4

-70mv

Question 5

When a neuron is at -70mv, it is said to be

Answer 5

Polarised

Question 6

-70mv is a neurons

Answer 6

Resting potential

Question 7

How can the resting potential be measured?

Answer 7

Positioning a micro electrode inside the cell and one outside

Question 8

In resting neurons, what is the distribution of Na+ and K+?

Answer 8

More Na+ outside

More K+ inside

Question 9

The lipid bilayer is ________ to ions

Answer 9

Impermeable

Question 10

Ions can pass through the neural membrane at specific pores called

Answer 10

Ion channels

Question 11

2 pressures for Na+ to enter the neuron?

Answer 11

1. Diffusion

2. Electrostatic pressure

Question 12

What is diffusion?

Answer 12

Force driving molecules to move from high–>low concentration

Question 13

What is electrostatic pressure?

Answer 13

-70mV charge inside attracts positive ions (opposites attract)

Question 14

Why do Na+ ions not come rushing into the resting neuron?

Answer 14

Because the Na+ channels in resting neurons are closed

Question 15

In resting neurons, which channels are open?

Answer 15

K+

Question 16

In the resting neuron, K+ channels are open, but only a few actually exit. Why?

Answer 16

K+ ions are largely held inside by negative resting potential

Question 17

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

Answer 17

3 Na+ for every 2 K+

Question 18

Mechanism that continuously exchanges 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ is known as

Answer 18

Sodium potassium pump

Question 19

Why does the resting membrane potential stay fixed overall?

Answer 19

At the same rate Na/K are leaked in, others are actively transported out

Question 20

When neurons fire, they release chemicals called

Answer 20

Neurotransmitters

Question 21

When neurotransmitter molecules bind to postsynaptic receptors, they have one of two effects:

Answer 21

Depolarise

Hyperpolarise

Question 22

Depolarising…

Answer 22

Decreases the resting membrane potential

Question 23

Hyperpolarising…

Answer 23

Increases the resting membrane potential

Question 24

Postsynaptic depolarisations are called

Answer 24

EPSPs

Question 25

Which out of EPSPs and IPSPs increase the likelihood the neuron will fire?

Answer 25

EPSPs

Question 26

Postsynaptic hyperpolarisations are called...

Answer 26

IPSPs

Question 27

Which out of EPSPs and IPSPs decrease the likelihood the neuron will fire?

Answer 27

IPSPs

Question 28

The amplitude of EPSPs and IPSPs are proportional to...

Answer 28

The intensity of the signals that elicit them

Question 29

Strong signals elicit large

Answer 29

Postsynaptic potenitals

Question 30

The transmission of EPSPs and IPSPs is...

Answer 30

Decremental

Question 31

Adding or combining a number of individual signals is called

Answer 31

Integration

Question 32

Neurons intergrate incoming signals in two ways..

Answer 32

Spatially | Temporally

Question 33

Spatial summation shows....

Answer 33

How simultaneously produced EPSPs/IPSPs (at different locations) sum to form a greater one

Question 34

Temporal summation is where postsynaptic potentials....

Answer 34

Created at the same time (in rapid succession) can be summed

Question 35

Resting state Greater concentration of Na+ ______ than _____

Answer 35

Outside Inside

Question 36

The first neural transporters to be discovered

Answer 36

Sodium-potassium pump

Question 37

Postsynaptic depolarisations are commonly referred to in their abbreviated form:

Answer 37

EPSPs

Question 38

An action potential is elicited when the depolarisation of the neuron reaches

Answer 38

The threshold of excitation

Question 39

Neurotransmitters activate receptors on...

Answer 39

Dendrites

Question 40

Receptors open ___ channels

Answer 40

Ion

Question 41

If the potential changes felt at the axon hillock are ________ and _____, action potential will be triggered

Answer 41

Positive Large enough

Question 42

A section of axon cannot fire again until it has been

Answer 42

Depolarised

Question 43

In MYELINATED axons, ions can pass through the axonal membrane only at

Answer 43

The nodes of Ranvier

Question 44

What are nodes of Ranvier

Answer 44

The gaps between myelin segments

Question 45

Myelin increases the speed of

Answer 45

Axonal conduction

Question 46

The transmission of APs in myelinated axons is called

Answer 46

Saltatory conduction

Question 47

APs reverse the membrane potential from _____ to ______

Answer 47

-70mv 50mv

Question 48

Action potentials are ____ or _____ responses

Answer 48

All or none

Question 49

Each Action Potential has the same amplitude True or false?

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Action potentials are ______ from the strength of the stimulus that elicited them

Answer 50

Independent

Question 51

At synapses, ______ are released

Answer 51

Neurotransmitters

Question 52

At synapses, neurotransmitters are released from sites onto

Answer 52

Buttons in synaptic clefts

Question 53

At synapses, how do neurotransmitters induce EPSPs/IPSPs in other neurons?

Answer 53

By binding to receptors on postsynaptic membranes

Question 54

Directed synapses are where

Answer 54

The site of NT release and reception are in close proximity

Question 55

Two basic categories of NT molecules

Answer 55

Large | Small

Question 56

Large neurotransmitters are all

Answer 56

Neuropeptides

Question 57

Neuropeptides are

Answer 57

Short amino acid chains (short proteins)

Question 58

Small molecule neurotransmitters are packaged in

Answer 58

Synaptic vesicles

Question 59

NT's are packaged in synaptic vesicles by the button's

Answer 59

Golgi complex

Question 60

Many neurons contain two NT's, a situation generally referred to as

Answer 60

Coexistence

Question 61

Exocytosis

Answer 61

The process of neurotransmitter release

Question 62

Two types of receptor

Answer 62

Ionotrophic | Metabotrophic

Question 63

The different types of receptor to which a neurotransmitter can bind are called its

Answer 63

Receptor subtypes

Question 64

Which type of receptor is FAST ACTING, and closes/opens ion channels immediately?

Answer 64

Ionotrophic

Question 65

Which type of receptor has a slower, more prolonged action?

Answer 65

Metabotrophic

Question 66

Which type of receptor is linked to signal proteins and G proteins?

Answer 66

Metabotrophic

Question 67

Ionotrophic receptors induce an immediate...

Answer 67

Post-synaptic potential

Question 68

Which receptor can act via 'second messenger'?

Answer 68

Metabotrophic

Question 69

Do EPSPs hyperpolarise or depolarise?

Answer 69

Depolarise

Question 70

Do EPSPs inhibit or stimulate?

Answer 70

Stimulate

Question 71

IPSPs decrease the possibility of an Action Potential by...

Answer 71

Moving membrane potential farther from threshold

Question 72

Saltatory conduction is

Answer 72

The transmission of APs in myelinated axons

Question 73

7 steps of synaptic transmission

Answer 73

1. Manufacture 2. Storage 3. Release 4. Binding to receptors 5. Receptor activation (AP) 6. ACT breakdown 7. Reuptake

Question 74

3 classes of SMALL MOLECULE neurotransmitters?

Answer 74

Amino acids Monoamines Acetylcholine

Question 75

Only one class of large molecule NTs:

Answer 75

Neuropeptides

Question 76

Most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter is

Answer 76

Glutamate

Question 77

Most prevalent inhibitory NT

Answer 77

GABA

Question 78

3 examples of neuromodulators?

Answer 78

Dopamine Noradrenaline Serotonin

Question 79

Dopamine Epinephrine Norepinephrine All examples of

Answer 79

Monoamines

Question 80

3 IMPORTANT points to remember about Action Potentials

Answer 80

1. Threshold 2. All or none 3. Refractory period