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Neuroscience > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Define the membrane potential?

A

Diff. in electrical charge between inside and outside of cell

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2
Q

Neurons are specialised for (3)

A
  1. Reception
  2. Conduction
  3. Transmission
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3
Q

Neurons have a ______ membrane

A

Semi-permeable

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4
Q

What is the resting potential?

A

-70mv

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5
Q

When a neuron is at -70mv, it is said to be

A

Polarised

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6
Q

-70mv is a neurons

A

Resting potential

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7
Q

How can the resting potential be measured?

A

Positioning a micro electrode inside the cell and one outside

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8
Q

In resting neurons, what is the distribution of Na+ and K+?

A

More Na+ outside

More K+ inside

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9
Q

The lipid bilayer is ________ to ions

A

Impermeable

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10
Q

Ions can pass through the neural membrane at specific pores called

A

Ion channels

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11
Q

2 pressures for Na+ to enter the neuron?

A
  1. Diffusion

2. Electrostatic pressure

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12
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Force driving molecules to move from high–>low concentration

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13
Q

What is electrostatic pressure?

A

-70mV charge inside attracts positive ions (opposites attract)

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14
Q

Why do Na+ ions not come rushing into the resting neuron?

A

Because the Na+ channels in resting neurons are closed

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15
Q

In resting neurons, which channels are open?

A

K+

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16
Q

In the resting neuron, K+ channels are open, but only a few actually exit. Why?

A

K+ ions are largely held inside by negative resting potential

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17
Q

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

A

3 Na+ for every 2 K+

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18
Q

Mechanism that continuously exchanges 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ is known as

A

Sodium potassium pump

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19
Q

Why does the resting membrane potential stay fixed overall?

A

At the same rate Na/K are leaked in, others are actively transported out

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20
Q

When neurons fire, they release chemicals called

A

Neurotransmitters

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21
Q

When neurotransmitter molecules bind to postsynaptic receptors, they have one of two effects:

A

Depolarise

Hyperpolarise

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22
Q

Depolarising…

A

Decreases the resting membrane potential

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23
Q

Hyperpolarising…

A

Increases the resting membrane potential

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24
Q

Postsynaptic depolarisations are called

A

EPSPs

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25
Q

Which out of EPSPs and IPSPs increase the likelihood the neuron will fire?

A

EPSPs

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26
Q

Postsynaptic hyperpolarisations are called…

A

IPSPs

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27
Q

Which out of EPSPs and IPSPs decrease the likelihood the neuron will fire?

A

IPSPs

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28
Q

The amplitude of EPSPs and IPSPs are proportional to…

A

The intensity of the signals that elicit them

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29
Q

Strong signals elicit large

A

Postsynaptic potenitals

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30
Q

The transmission of EPSPs and IPSPs is…

A

Decremental

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31
Q

Adding or combining a number of individual signals is called

A

Integration

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32
Q

Neurons intergrate incoming signals in two ways..

A

Spatially

Temporally

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33
Q

Spatial summation shows….

A

How simultaneously produced EPSPs/IPSPs (at different locations) sum to form a greater one

34
Q

Temporal summation is where postsynaptic potentials….

A

Created at the same time (in rapid succession) can be summed

35
Q

Resting state

Greater concentration of Na+ ______ than _____

A

Outside

Inside

36
Q

The first neural transporters to be discovered

A

Sodium-potassium pump

37
Q

Postsynaptic depolarisations are commonly referred to in their abbreviated form:

A

EPSPs

38
Q

An action potential is elicited when the depolarisation of the neuron reaches

A

The threshold of excitation

39
Q

Neurotransmitters activate receptors on…

A

Dendrites

40
Q

Receptors open ___ channels

A

Ion

41
Q

If the potential changes felt at the axon hillock are ________ and _____, action potential will be triggered

A

Positive

Large enough

42
Q

A section of axon cannot fire again until it has been

A

Depolarised

43
Q

In MYELINATED axons, ions can pass through the axonal membrane only at

A

The nodes of Ranvier

44
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier

A

The gaps between myelin segments

45
Q

Myelin increases the speed of

A

Axonal conduction

46
Q

The transmission of APs in myelinated axons is called

A

Saltatory conduction

47
Q

APs reverse the membrane potential from _____ to ______

A

-70mv

50mv

48
Q

Action potentials are ____ or _____ responses

A

All or none

49
Q

Each Action Potential has the same amplitude

True or false?

A

True

50
Q

Action potentials are ______ from the strength of the stimulus that elicited them

A

Independent

51
Q

At synapses, ______ are released

A

Neurotransmitters

52
Q

At synapses, neurotransmitters are released from sites onto

A

Buttons in synaptic clefts

53
Q

At synapses, how do neurotransmitters induce EPSPs/IPSPs in other neurons?

A

By binding to receptors on postsynaptic membranes

54
Q

Directed synapses are where

A

The site of NT release and reception are in close proximity

55
Q

Two basic categories of NT molecules

A

Large

Small

56
Q

Large neurotransmitters are all

A

Neuropeptides

57
Q

Neuropeptides are

A

Short amino acid chains (short proteins)

58
Q

Small molecule neurotransmitters are packaged in

A

Synaptic vesicles

59
Q

NT’s are packaged in synaptic vesicles by the button’s

A

Golgi complex

60
Q

Many neurons contain two NT’s, a situation generally referred to as

A

Coexistence

61
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process of neurotransmitter release

62
Q

Two types of receptor

A

Ionotrophic

Metabotrophic

63
Q

The different types of receptor to which a neurotransmitter can bind are called its

A

Receptor subtypes

64
Q

Which type of receptor is FAST ACTING, and closes/opens ion channels immediately?

A

Ionotrophic

65
Q

Which type of receptor has a slower, more prolonged action?

A

Metabotrophic

66
Q

Which type of receptor is linked to signal proteins and G proteins?

A

Metabotrophic

67
Q

Ionotrophic receptors induce an immediate…

A

Post-synaptic potential

68
Q

Which receptor can act via ‘second messenger’?

A

Metabotrophic

69
Q

Do EPSPs hyperpolarise or depolarise?

A

Depolarise

70
Q

Do EPSPs inhibit or stimulate?

A

Stimulate

71
Q

IPSPs decrease the possibility of an Action Potential by…

A

Moving membrane potential farther from threshold

72
Q

Saltatory conduction is

A

The transmission of APs in myelinated axons

73
Q

7 steps of synaptic transmission

A
  1. Manufacture
  2. Storage
  3. Release
  4. Binding to receptors
  5. Receptor activation (AP)
  6. ACT breakdown
  7. Reuptake
74
Q

3 classes of SMALL MOLECULE neurotransmitters?

A

Amino acids
Monoamines
Acetylcholine

75
Q

Only one class of large molecule NTs:

A

Neuropeptides

76
Q

Most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter is

A

Glutamate

77
Q

Most prevalent inhibitory NT

A

GABA

78
Q

3 examples of neuromodulators?

A

Dopamine
Noradrenaline
Serotonin

79
Q

Dopamine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

All examples of

A

Monoamines

80
Q

3 IMPORTANT points to remember about Action Potentials

A
  1. Threshold
  2. All or none
  3. Refractory period

Neuroscience (20 decks)

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