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Neuroscience > Motor > Flashcards

Motor Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two MODULATORS of the sensorimotor system?

A

Cerebellum

Basal ganglia

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2
Q

Sensory information feeds back into…

A

Cerebellum

Basal ganglia

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3
Q

Motor command originates in which cells?

A

Motor cortex pyramidal cells

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4
Q

The descending projection from pyramidal cells –> spinal corn/lower motor neurons is known as

A

Pyramidal tract

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5
Q

Cerebellum is ______, whereas basal ganglia are _______

A

Excitatory

Inhibitory

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6
Q

Motor cortex is mapped as a ________

A

Homunculus

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7
Q

Motor is delivered through

A

Motor units (small number of muscle fibres associated)

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8
Q

2 main tracts descending from the motor cortex…

A

Dorsolateral

Ventromedial

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9
Q

Both the dorsolateral and ventromedial tracts contain an indirect route via

A

Brainstem nuclei

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10
Q

Basal ganglia dysfunction is implicated in many disorders, e.g.

A

Parkinson’s

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11
Q

Basal ganglia nuclei inhibit the _______

A

Thalamus

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12
Q

Basal Ganglia

Strong inhibitory (____) output goes back to cortex via thalamus

A

GABA

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13
Q

Neural signals are conducted from the PMC to the neurons of the spinal cord in 4 different ways…

A

2 pathways in the dorsolateral region

2 pathways in the ventromedial region

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14
Q

A notable neuron in the Dorsolateral corticospinal tract is…

A

Bet cells

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15
Q

Is the dorsolateral corticospinal tract direct or indirect?

A

Direct

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16
Q

The dorsolateral corticospinal tract is a group of axons that….

A

Depends from the PMC (through the medullary pyramids ) into spinal white matter

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17
Q

dorsolateral corticospinal tract

Many of the axons synapse for the main neurons going to…

A

Wrist/hand/fingers/toes

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18
Q

The dorsolateral corticospinal tract is found in all mammals who are…

A

Capable of moving fingers and toes

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19
Q

dorsolateral corticospinal tract

Route?

A

PMC –> Medulla (Betz cells) –> interneurons in spinal cord

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20
Q

Out of the dorsolateral tracts, which is the indirect route?

A

Dorsolateral cortico-rubro-spinal

21
Q

Dorsolateral cortico-rubro-spinal

group of axons which descend from the PMC synapse in….

A

The red nucleus of midbrain

22
Q

Dorsolateral cortico-rubro-spinal

Route?

A

PMC –> red nucleus –> interneurons in dorsolateral region (arms and legs)

23
Q

What are motor units?

A

Smallest unit of motor activity

Comprised of a single neuron and all the fibres it innervates

24
Q

Motor units

When the neuron fires, the muscle fibres…

A

That the neuron innervates contracts

25
Q

Motor units

The less fibres attached to the neuron…

A

The more control there is over the muscle

26
Q

A skeletal muscle contains thousands of fibres bound together by a tough membrane called

A

Tendon (also holds it to the bone)

27
Q

Acetycholine, released at motor junctions, activates the

A

Motor end plate on each fibre

28
Q

“The only way for a muscle to generate force”

A

Contraction

29
Q

Fast muscle fibres (2)

A

Contract quickly

Great force

30
Q

Why do fast muscle fibres fatigue quickly?

A

Poorly vascularised

31
Q

Slow muscle fibres (1)

A

Capable of sustained activity

32
Q

Each muscle has both ____ and ____ fibres

A

Fast

Slow

33
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released at motor junctions?

A

Acetylcholine

34
Q

Flexors

A

Bend/flex a joint

35
Q

Extensors

A

Act to strengthen out/extend

36
Q

The bicep is a

A

Flexor

37
Q

The tricep is a

A

Extensor

38
Q

Synergistic muscles

A

2 muscles whose contraction produces the same movement

39
Q

Antagonistic muscles

A

2 muscles who’s contraction produces opposite movements (biceps + triceps)

40
Q

TENSION in a muscle can be created by (3)

A

Increasing number of motor neurons in pool
Increasing firing rate of neurons in pool
Combination

41
Q

Golgi tendon organs respond to increases in

A

Muscle tension

42
Q

Golgi tendon organs DON’T respond to increases in

A

Length

43
Q

Muscle spindles respond to changes in

A

Length

44
Q

Muscle spindles DON’T respond to changes in

A

Muscle tension

45
Q

The skeletal muscle is a ________ muscle

A

Extrafusal

46
Q

Without this, the spindles would become slack/unresponsive whenever the extrafusal muscle contracts.

A

Intrafusal muscle/intrafusal motor neuron

47
Q

“Antagonistic muscles are innervated in a way that permit smooth, unimpeded motor response”

A

Reciprocal innervation

48
Q

“Each motor neuron branches out to an inhibitory interneuron before it leaves the spinal cord/CNS to give that muscle fibre a break”

A

Recurrent lateral inhibition

Neuroscience (20 decks)

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