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Neuroscience > Genes > Flashcards

Genes Flashcards

1
Q

If a recessive gene is on an autosomal chromosome, its effects will be found more often in males.

True or false

A

False

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2
Q

If a recessive gene is on an autosomal chromosome, its effects will be found more…

A

Equally in males and females

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3
Q

If a recessive gene is on an X chromosome, its effects will be found…

A

More often in males

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4
Q

Who conducted the Pea seed true-breeding study?

A

Mendel

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5
Q

Dichotomous traits

A

Occur in one form or the other

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6
Q

This trait occurs in one form or the other (blue eyes or brown eyes)

A

Dichotomous

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7
Q

True-breeding lines

A

Members always produce offspring with the same trait

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8
Q

“Members always produce offspring with the same trait “ What is this?

A

True-breeding line

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9
Q

Some traits are ________, whilst others are ________

A

Dominant

Recessive

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10
Q

Some traits can be dominant, appearing in ____ first-generation offspring

A

All

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11
Q

An organisms OBSERVABLE TRAITS are referred to as its

A

Phenotype

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12
Q

Phenotype

A

An organisms observable traits

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13
Q

The non-observable traits that can be passed through genetic material

A

Genotype

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14
Q

The two genes that control the same trait

A

Alleles

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15
Q

Organisms possessing two identical genes (GG/YY)

A

Homozygous

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16
Q

Organisms possessing one of each gene (GY or YG)

A

Heterozygous

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17
Q

Y is recessive to G

True or false

A

True

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18
Q

Genes are located on…

A

Chromosomes

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19
Q

Where are genes located

A

Chromosomes

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20
Q

All cell division in the body occurs by

A

Mitosis

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21
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell devision

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22
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division but for gametes

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23
Q

Each chromosome is a double stranded molecule of DNA, which is a sequence of…

A

Nucleotide bases

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24
Q

Errors in replication of DNA?

A

Mutations

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25
Q

Mutations are

A

Errors in DNA replication

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26
Q

Autosomal chromosomes are

A

The typical, non-sex chromosome

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27
Q

Which chromosomes do females have

A

XX

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28
Q

Traits influenced by genes on sex chromosomes are referred to as

A

Sex-linked traits

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29
Q

Dominant traits controlled by genes on X occur more frequently in…

A

Females

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30
Q

Recessive traits controlled by genes on X occur more frequently in

A

Males

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31
Q

Why are males more likely to get a recessive X-trait gene?

A

Bc they only have one X chromosome - females would have to have the recessive on both their Xs

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32
Q

What does DNA do (R)

A

Replicate

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33
Q

DNA that lacks structural genes contain portions called…

A

Enhancers

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34
Q

Enhancers are stretches of DNA whose function is to determine…

A

Whether particular genes synthesise proteins/at what rate

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35
Q

Enhancers control gene…

A

Expression

36
Q

The control of gene expression by enhancers is important because…

A

Determines how a cell will develop/its function

37
Q

Proteins that bind to DNA and influence the extent to which genes are expressed are called…

A

Transcription factors

38
Q

RNA is

A

Complimentary copy of one strand of DNA molecule

39
Q

Expression of a structural gene

Unravelled section of one DNA is a ________ for the transcription of a short strand of RNA

A

Template

40
Q

Expression of a structural gene

Strand of transcribed RNA is called

A

Messenger RNA

41
Q

Expression of a structural gene

Strand of transcribed RNA is called messenger RNA because…

A

Carries the genetic code

42
Q

Expression of a structural gene

Messenger RNA attaches itself to one of the

A

Ribosome

43
Q

Expression of a structural gene

Ribosome moves along the strand of…

A

Messenger RNA

44
Q

Expression of a structural gene

The codon (base) along an RNA strand instructs the ribosome to…

A

Add amino acids as it is growing

45
Q

Expression of a structural gene

Molecules of amino acid are carried to the ribosome my molecules of…(tr)

A

Transfer RNA

46
Q

Expression of a structural gene

The process of growing the protein chain continues until…

A

Ribosome tells it to stop

47
Q

Mitochondria

A

energy-generating structures in cytoplasm

48
Q

Mitochondria contain DNA

True or false?

A

True

49
Q

Mutations develop rapidly in ______ DNA….

A

Mitochondrial

50
Q

New discoveries of Epigenetics (2) that may control gene expression

A

(1) DNA methylation (reduces expression of adjacent genes)

(2) Histone remodelling

51
Q

Tryon (1934) discovered that some traits can be selectively bred.

True or false?

A

True

52
Q

Tryon (1934) conducted the study of the maze…

A

Maze-bright or maze-dull rats

53
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a…

Neurological disorder
Metabolic disorder
Cardiovascular disorder

A

Metabolic

54
Q

PKU can lead to b…

A

Brain damage

55
Q

The PKU gene is _______

A

Recessive

56
Q

The PKU gene is recessive, so only develops in…

A

Homozygous individuals

Receive copy from both M & F

57
Q

Consequence of PKU is…

A

Abnormal brain development

58
Q

Consequences of PKU can be reduced if a diet is given to children in the…

A

Sensitive period (first few weeks of life)

59
Q

How do geneticists assess relative contributions of genes and experience?

A

Study individuals of genetic similarity

60
Q

Example of individuals with genetic similarity..

A

MZ & DZ twins

61
Q

MZ twins are not identical

True or false

A

False

62
Q

MZ twins are identical

True or false

A

True

63
Q

Studies of MZ and DZ twins who have been ____________ are particularly informative of the gene/environment interaction

A

Separated at birth

64
Q

Minnesota study of twins reared apart found that….

A

MZ twins similar on all psychological dimensions

65
Q

A strand of DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of

A

RNA

66
Q

Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body are called

A

Enzymes

67
Q

Interruption of the production of RNA would directly affect what?

A

Protein synthesis

68
Q

Chemically, what is the route from genes to their expression?

A

DNA to RNA to proteins

69
Q

“A complimentary copy of one strand of a DNA molecule”

A

RNA

70
Q

A person with two recessive genes is considered to be _____ for that trait

A

Homozygous

71
Q

Recessive genes manifest their effects only when the individual is ____ for them

A

Homozygous

72
Q

Suppose “A” is the dominant gene and “a” is the recessive gene. One parent has genes Aa and the other has a. What genes will the children probably have?

A

Half Aa half aa

73
Q

In one family, all three children are homozygous for a recessive gene.what can be concluded about the parents?

A

Each parent is either homozygous for the recessive gene or heterozygous

74
Q

What are the chances of having a child with at least one dominant gene is both parents are heterozygous?

A

75%

75
Q

“The genetic inability to metabolise the amino acid phenylalanine”

A

PKU

76
Q

What is an example of a genetically controlled condition that can be minimised by a particular diet?

A

PKU

77
Q

Changes in a single gene is called

A

Mutation

78
Q

Most mutations produce _____ genes

A

Recessive

79
Q

Sex linked traits are controlled by which chromosome?

A

X

80
Q

Gametes are produced by

A

Meoisis

81
Q

What decides the rate at which a protein will be synthesised by a gene?

A

Enhancer

82
Q

During protein synthesis, each amino acid is carried to the ribosome by

A

Transfer RNA

83
Q

Mitochondrial genes are inherited from

A

Mother

84
Q

If an individual has a recessive phenotype for a particular trait, this tells us

A

Each parent has 1 recessive gene for that trait

85
Q

If an individual inherits a recessive trait, will the parents display this trait?

A

Not necessarily

Neuroscience (20 decks)

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