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Neuroscience > Drug addiction > Flashcards

Drug addiction Flashcards

1
Q

How do drugs enter bloodstream via oral ingestion?

A

Dissolved in stomach fluids –> intestine –> absorption into bloodstream

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2
Q

Benefit of oral ingestion?

A

Easy/relatively safe

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3
Q

Downside of oral ingestion?

A

Absorption via digestive tract is unpredictable

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4
Q

Which type of injection is directly into veins?

A

IV (intravenous)

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5
Q

Which type of injection is into muscle?

A

IM

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6
Q

Which type of injection is into skin?

A

SC

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7
Q

Why do most addicts prefer IV?

A

Delivers drug directly to brain

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8
Q

Two downsides of IV?

A
  • Can’t counteract overdose/reaction

- Scar tissue/infections

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9
Q

An example of a drug taken via inhalation?

A

Tobacco

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10
Q

How do inhaled drugs work?

A

Absorbed through capillaries in the lungs

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11
Q

Two downsides of inhalation?

A
  • Difficult to regulate

- Lung damage

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12
Q

Example of a drug that can be taken via mucous membranes?

A

Cocaine

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13
Q

Some drugs act (1) while others act (2)

A
  1. Diffusely on membranes

2. Specifically (receptors/influence NTs)

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14
Q

Drugs are mostly synthesised by

A

Liver

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15
Q

Synthesis/breakdown of drugs by the liver is known as

A

Drug metabolism

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16
Q

Once a drug has been metabolised, it can no longer pass

A

The blood brain barrier

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17
Q

“Makes it difficult for dangerous chemicals to pass from CNS onto neurons”

A

Blood brain barrier

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18
Q

Drug tolerance represents a SHIFT in the ….

A

Dose-response curve

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19
Q

Why can cross-tolerance occur?

A

Because the drugs are acting on the same mechanism

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20
Q

What is cross-tolerance?

A

Where one drug produces tolerance to others

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21
Q

Tolerance develops to some effects but….

A

Not others

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22
Q

2 changes underlying tolerance?

A

Metabolic

Functional

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23
Q

Metabolic change regarding drug tolerance?

A

Reduction in amount of drug getting to site

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24
Q

Functional change regarding drug tolerance?

A

Reduction in reactivity of site of action

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25
Q

Sudden elimination of a drug can result in –>

A

Withdrawal syndrome

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26
Q

People who suffer withdrawal reactions are said to be

A

Physically dependent

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27
Q

What kind of neural changes happen with drug exposure?

A

Adaptive

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28
Q

Drug exposure –> adaptive neural changes that

A

Counteract the drug

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29
Q

In terms of neural response, how does elimination of the drug produce withdrawal?

A

Neural adaptations produce withdrawal effects

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30
Q

Not all _____ users are addicts

A

Habitual

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31
Q

Two categories of drug tolerance are?

A

Metabolic

Functional

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32
Q

What is the most common type of drug tolerance?

A

Functional

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33
Q

Functional tolerance involves reduction in the amount of ________

A

Receptors

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34
Q

The effects of withdrawal are usually opposite…

A

To the initial effects

35
Q

Withdrawal effects are usually opposite to initial effects, suggesting it may be

A

Produced by the same neural changes as tolerance

36
Q

Conditioned drug tolerance focuses on….

A

Situation in which drugs ar taken

37
Q

Contingent drug tolerance is the demonstration that

A

Tolerance only develops to effects ACTUALLY experienced

38
Q

What percentage of people who smoke become addicted?

A

70%

39
Q

What is smokers syndrome?

A

Chest pain, laboured breathing, susceptible to lethal lung disorders

40
Q

What is Buerger’s disease?

A

Blood vessels of legs become constricted

41
Q

How are alcohol molecules absorbed?

A

Soluble in fat/water

42
Q

What are alcohols effects on affect?

A

Low doses - stimulant

High doses - depressant (neural firing)

43
Q

Alcohol dilates _______

A

Blood vessels in skin

44
Q

What is the addiction potential for marijuana?

A

Low

45
Q

3 therapeutic effects of THC?

A
  1. Suppresses nausea
  2. Blocks seizures
  3. Decreases pain/anxiety
46
Q

Two receptors for THC

A

CB1 and CB2

47
Q

CB1 and CB2 are

A

Receptors that cannabis binds to

48
Q

What is a cocaine spree?

A

Lots of cocaine for a few days then stop

49
Q

Effects of a cocaine spree may involve (2)

A

Tolerance

Psychotic behaviour

50
Q

Cocaine functions by blocking reuptake of…

A

Catecholamine

51
Q

Cocaine functions by blocking reuptake of Catecholamine. Therefore, it is a

A

Catecholamine agonist

52
Q

MDMA/Ecstasy has toxic effects on

A

Serotonergic and Dopaminergic neurons

53
Q

MDMA can lead to (2)

A
  1. S/D deficiencies in function

2. Abnormal brain scans in tests of brain functions

54
Q

Example of an opiate?

A

Heroin

55
Q

How do opiates work?

A

Bind to receptors that normally bind to endogenous opiates

56
Q

Biggest effect of heroin?

A

Heroin rush (intense pleasure)

57
Q

How long does heroin withdrawal last?

A

Around 7 days

58
Q

2 treatments for heroin?

A

Methadone

Buprenorphine

59
Q

Buprenorphine is a tretament for heroin. It blocks

A

Effects on brains of other opiates (by binding to receptors)

60
Q

Nicotine addiction has a major _____ component

A

Genetic

61
Q

Nicotine is a _____, an agent which can disturb foetal development

A

Teratogen

62
Q

Why is alcohol classed as a depressant?

A

Because it depresses neural firing at med/high doses

63
Q

Both nicotine and alcohol addiction have a major _____ component

A

Genetic

64
Q

Heritability estimates for alcohol and nicotine addiction are around

A

50%

65
Q

Is most alcohol tolerance functional or metabolic?

A

Functional

66
Q

High doses of marijuana can impair

A

Psychological functioning (STM, goal-directed behaviour)

67
Q

The ill effects from opiates are often … rather than

A

Indirect

Direct

68
Q

The direct health hazards of opiates are surprisingly

A

Relatively minor

69
Q

High doses of heroin kill by

A

Suppressing breathing

70
Q

EARLY explanations of drug addiction attributed it to

A

Physical dependence

71
Q

Why does a detox approach to drug addiction not work? (2)

A
  1. Some drugs have no physical withdrawals

2. Binge-detox patterns exist anyway

72
Q

Positive incentive theories of addiction believe

A

Addicts take drugs for their positive affects (positive-incentive craving)

73
Q

Most researchers NOW assume that the most important factor in drug addiction is its

A

Hedonic effects

74
Q

Brain sites capable of mediating inter cranial self-stimulation are known as?

A

Pleasure centres

75
Q

Intracranial self-stimulation is the phenomenon whereby

A

Rats/other species will administer brief electrical stimulation to their brains

76
Q

ICSS

Olds and Miller argued that the brain sites mediating self-stimulation are the same as…

A

The sites mediating pleasurable effects of natural rewards (food/sex)

77
Q

Which system in the brain plays an important role in intracranial self stimulation?

A

MDS (mesotelencephalic dopamine system)

78
Q

ICSS

The MDS is a system of dopamine neurons that project

A

From the mesencephalon into the telencephalon

79
Q

Following research into ISS, experiments began to implicate dopamine in the…

A

Rewarding effects of natural reinforcers/drugs

80
Q

What is a drug self-administration paradigm?

A

Press a lever to inject drugs into self

81
Q

Conditioned place-preference paradigms measure the _______ of drugs

A

Incentive value

82
Q

What is the conditioned place paradigm

A

2 compartments (repeatedly receive drug in 1)
Drug-free rat place inside box
Time spent in compartment measured

83
Q

How does the conditioned place preference show dopamine plays an important role?

A

DA antagonists blocked conditioned preference

84
Q

Findings from paradigms suggests that dopamine signals something akin to

A

Reward value/pleasure

Neuroscience (20 decks)

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