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EQM351 > Strangles Exam 2 > Flashcards

Strangles Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is strangles caused by?

A

Streptococcus equi

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2
Q

What is Strangles?

A

a highly contagious upper respiratory disease

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3
Q

How is strangles transmitted?

A

by purulent discharge from direct and indirect contact

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4
Q

How long can the disease be carried?

A

some horses continue to shed the bacteria weeks after clinical signs have disappeared

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5
Q

What can happen to horses later in life that have had strangles?

A

complications may arise later in life

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6
Q

What is the “human form” of strangles?

A

strep throat
-forms a lot of pus
-can lead to heart disease or scarlet fever if left untreated

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7
Q

What can happen in 10% of horses with strangles?

A

the guttural pouch can become infected
-the horses then develop empyema of guttural pouch and can transmit the disease for years

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8
Q

Where does bacteria enter?

A

through the mouth or nose and affects the tonsils

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9
Q

Within hours of transmission where does the bacteria reach?

A

the mandibular and subpharyngeal lymph nodes

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10
Q

When does fever occur with strangles?

A

3-14 days after exposure

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11
Q

Clinical signs of strangles

A

-fever
-mucopurulent nasal discharge
-swelling and abscess formation of lymph nodes
anorexia, depression
-pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinitis
-ocular discharge, periorbital abscesses

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12
Q

What age of horse develops a milder disease?

A

older horses

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13
Q

How long is the latent period?

A

4-14 days

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14
Q

When does shedding of bacteria stop

A

3-7 weeks post acute infection

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15
Q

When does nasal shedding of bacteria start?

A

after the latent period of 4-14 days

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16
Q

How many times should horses test negative before going back out with the herd?

A

at least 3 times

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17
Q

What can be done with the pus filled abscesses?

A

-it may open itself
-they can possibly be lanced
-the pus is contagious

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18
Q

Where in the guttural pouch does pus collect?

A

on the ventral floor in cases with empyema

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19
Q

Chondroids

A

inspissated pus that occurs in the guttural pouch as a result of chronic guttural pouch infection (empyema)
-“pus stones”

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20
Q

What is a complication of strangles?

A

chondroids

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21
Q

Initial diagnosis is made via:

A

PCR (most sensitive)

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22
Q

Definitive diagnosis is made via:

A

culture of nasal swabs, nasal washes, and pus aspirated from abscesses

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23
Q

What do blood tests detect?

A

serology to find antibodies
-can detect recent, but not necessarily current infection (antibodies don’t show up immediately during infection)

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24
Q

When do serum titers peak?

A

at 5 weeks after exposure

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25
Q

How long do serum titers remain high?

A

for at least 6 months

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26
Q

What happens after a horse has strangles?

A

they have a strong immunity to it for at least 2 years

27
Q

Biosecurity

A

you must have a separate person that mucks/feeds and cares for the horses infected (if you do not have a designated person, always deal with the horse last then immediately clean yourself)

28
Q

What % of horses on farms with recurring strangles are carriers of the bacteria?

A

4-50%

29
Q

When should horses be tested?

A

any horse that had signs of the infection should be tested all 3 times and return negative

30
Q

What type of treatment do most horses NOT require?

A

treatment with antibiotics

31
Q

What treatment will complicated cases require?

A

antibiotics and other treatments like tracheostomy’s

32
Q

If antibiotics are used, how long is the course of treatment?

A

several weeks

33
Q

How are mild cases treated?

A

by feeding soft, palatable food (like mashes)

34
Q

What should be done to treat a horses showing early clinical signs during an outbreak?

A

antibiotics should be administered in the early acute phase with fever and depression

35
Q

When will antibiotics only be useful?

A

before abscess formation

36
Q

Can horses on antibiotics become reinfected?

A

yes, they don’t become immune to the disease, and if they stay around other infected horses they can become reinfected

37
Q

What is the course of treatment once abscesses have formed?

A

-enhance maturation and drainage of abscess using hot packs and ichthamol (sticky tar that warms the area to help mature the lymphnodes)

38
Q

When should an abscess be lanced?

A

once it is mature and almost ready to supurate

39
Q

What is the care of open abscesses?

A

daily flushing with 3-5% povidone

40
Q

What do NSAIDS help do with strangles cases?

A

-reduces fever
-help pain
-help inflammatory swelling of abscess

41
Q

What antibiotics can be given after the abscess has supurated?

A

-penicillin
-cephalosporins
-macrolides

42
Q

Bastard strangled

A

metastasis may occur in other locations, carried by the blood stream or lymphatic vessels causing abscesses in lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, and brain

43
Q

What % of horses get bastard strangles?

A

up to 30%

44
Q

What causes bastard strangles?

A

caused by the bacteria reaching the blood circulation - to then get carried to and cause abscesses in other organs

45
Q

When does bastard strangles occur?

A

once a horse is already over strangles

46
Q

Is bastard strangles easy to detect?

A

no, because most of the abscesses are internal now

47
Q

Complications after strangles

A

-bastard strangles
-pneumonia
-guttural pouch empyema
-endocarditis
-myocarditis
-septic arthritis
-purpura hemorrhagica

48
Q

How does pneumonia occur after strangles?

A

the same strep bacteria makes its way to the lungs

49
Q

Endocarditis

A

infection of the inner heart with no cure

50
Q

Myocarditis

A

infection of the outer chamber of the heart (muscle) with no cure

51
Q

Septic arthritis

A

bacteria that causes infection of joints that causes arthritis

52
Q

Purpura hemorrhagica

A

immune mediated disease, the immune system gets overzealous and starts to attack itself
-causes necrotizing vasculitis

53
Q

How does strangles lead to purpura hemorrhagica?

A

S. equi elicits a very strong immune response that goes overboard (it is no longer an infection)

54
Q

What is the cause of purpura hemorrhagica?

A

immune complexes attack blood vessel walls (the exact reason WHY it happens is unknown)

55
Q

What may predispose horses to purpura hemorrhagica?

A

high serum antibody titer

56
Q

What is used to treat purpura hemorragica

A

-Dexamethasone with antibiotics
(very hard to treat - very high dose of steroids is needed)

57
Q

What can the treatment of purpura hemorragica lead to?

A

laminitis

58
Q

Why do we not vaccinate horses who have had strangles for 1-2 years after?

A

to not induce high serum antibody titer (which could lead to purpura hemorrhagica)

59
Q

What three groups should strangles outbreak herds be split into?

A
  1. infected horses
  2. horses that have been exposed to or contacted infected horses
  3. clean horses with NO exposure
60
Q

How often and what should be cleaned during an outbreak?

A

-stalls cleaned after manure removal
-water and feed troughs cleaned and disinfected daily
-all cleaning and disinfection daily

61
Q

How long should pastures being used to house the infected horses be rested for afterwards?

A

4 weeks

62
Q

How are strangles vaccines administered?

A

IM or intra-nasal

63
Q

Which vaccine administration works better?

A

intra-nasal because it is modified live bacteria

64
Q

What can be done to better determine timing for vaccination of horses recently exposed to strangles?

A

blood antibody tests (to avoid purpura hemorrhagica

EQM351 (28 decks)

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