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EQM351 > Equine Immunology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Equine Immunology Exam 1 Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

What is the immune system used for?

A

fighting off infections

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2
Q

The immune system is a _________ system that is very _______ tuned

A

complicated; fine

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3
Q

What are the physical barriers of the immune system?

A

skin and mucous membranes

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4
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

skin

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5
Q

What does an invasion/infection have to pass through first?

A

the physical barriers

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6
Q

What is the order of events when an infection enters the body?

A
  1. must pass through the physical barriers
  2. innate immunity
  3. inflammation
  4. adaptive immunity
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7
Q

Pathogens

A

disease causing organisms (bacteria, virus, fungus, worms, etc.)

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8
Q

What are the topics of barriers of the immune system?

A

-mechanical
-chemical
-reflexes

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9
Q

What are the innate topics of the immune system?

A

-phagocytosis
-protective proteins-cytokines
-fever
-NK cells
-inflammation

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10
Q

What are the adaptive topics of the immune system?

A

-cell-mediated
-humoral

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11
Q

Immunity

A

a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion

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12
Q

Natural acquired immunity

A

infection
-the body developed antibodies after having a disease

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13
Q

Artificial acquired immunity

A

vaccination
-the vaccination builds the antibodies (sometimes you get sick, sometimes you do not)

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14
Q

Passive acquired immunity

A

colostrum/plasma/anti-serum
-foals must nurse colostrum to get antibodies from the mare

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15
Q

Antigen

A

any substance capable of generating an immune response
-proteins or parts of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms
-can also be “self-antigens” (some people have more than others)

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16
Q

Self-tolerance

A

the capability of the body to tolerate itself
-auto-immune disease occur when self-tolerance is lost or low

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17
Q

Host

A

an organism that harbors a virus, bacteria, or parasites

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18
Q

Antibody-protein

A

produced by blood cells of the host to bind to antigen

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19
Q

Leukocytes

A

cells of the immune system, also called white blood cells

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20
Q

Mechanical barriers

A

-epidermis
-goblet cells
-saliva
-coughing, sneezing
-flushing action of urine/tears
-cilia (lungs, intestines)

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21
Q

Epidermis

A

skin-continuous layer of tightly packed sheets (the wall between the outside and inside)

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22
Q

Goblet cells

A

specialized epithelial cells in the GI tract that produce mucus, preventing microbes from gaining access to the body (in the GI tract)

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23
Q

Saliva

A

dilutes microbes

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24
Q

Coughing, sneezing

A

mechanically expels pathogens from respiratory tract (less stays in)

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25
Q

Flushing action of urine/tears

A

expels pathogens

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26
Q

Cilia

A

in the lungs and intestines, movement of mucus removes microorganisms

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27
Q

Chemical barriers

A

-sebum
-skin acidity
-the B-defensins (lysozymes, etc.)
-gastric juice

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28
Q

Sebum

A

produced by sebaceous glands (in skin and hair), can inhibit some microbe growth

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29
Q

Skin acidity

A

pH~5.4
-prevents a lot of microorganisms from surviving on the skin

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30
Q

B-defensins (lysozymes)

A

enzymes in sweat, saliva, tears, and breast milk that break down bacteria cell walls

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31
Q

Gastric juice

A

pH~1.3-3.0
-produced by stomach glands, destroys most (not all) bacteria and viruses

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32
Q

Commensal microflora

A

urinary and gastrointestinal tracts and skin serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space (no space for bad bacteris)

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33
Q

Innate immune response

A

-first line of defense
-built-in immunity to resist infection
-natural, native immunity
-present from birth
-not specific for any particular microbial substance
-not enhanced by second exposure
-has NO memory

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34
Q

Innate immune response function

A

-slows the growth of infection agents until the adaptive immune response kicks in
-must focus on the BROAD characteristics of microbes (microbes evolve rapidly)
-PAMPs
-activates the adaptive immune response

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35
Q

How long does it take for the body to create an immunity of a new disease?

A

minimum of 2 weeks

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36
Q

PAMPs

A

-pathogen-associated molecular patterns
-structural elements that are common to broad classes of microbes and are common to many different microbes

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37
Q

What do PAMPs bind to?

A

PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)

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38
Q

PRRs

A

pattern recognition receptors
-what PAMPs bind to
-on immune cells of the innate immune system
-phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells)
-phagocytosis

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39
Q

Phagocytosis

A

when cells engulf other cells

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40
Q

Recognition of microorganisms by phagocytes:

A

-many receptors on neutrophils and macrophages bind to microorganisms
-specialized recognition of classes of molecules and structures not present in or on self tissues
-selective specificity for microbial patterns

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41
Q

Process of phagocytosis:

A
  1. phagocyte membrane zips around the microorganism (engulfs it)
  2. microorganism is internalized in a phagosome
  3. phagosome fuses with lysosomes (break down cells that leads to death)
  4. lysosomal enzymes indirectly kill phagocytosed microbes by making reactive oxygen species and nitric oxcide
42
Q

Free radical

A

oxygen binding to anything it can find

43
Q

How many things does O-2 need to bind to?

A

2 things

44
Q

How many things does H+1 need to bind to?

A

one thing

45
Q

Hydrogen peroxide

A

H2O2
-unstable
-extra oxygen kills when it bursts

46
Q

ROS

A

reactive oxygen species

47
Q

Stages of antigen processing

A
  1. uptake
  2. degradation
  3. antigen presentation (transport and expression of antigen proteins on the surface of cells for recognition by T cells)
48
Q

Neutrophil function

A

-get to the site of infection rapidly and ingest microorganisms (slows down infection
-kills microbes by engulfing them via phagocytosis
-kill by using reactive oxygen species

49
Q

What happens after neutrophils take up microorganisms?

A

they will die

50
Q

What forms from dead neutrophils and microbes?

A

pus

51
Q

Neutrophils

A

(aka polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
-most abundant immune cell in the blood

52
Q

Monocytes

A

migrate into the tissues and differentiate into macrophages

53
Q

Monocyte function

A

-can uptake organisms many times without dying immediately
-phagocytosis of microorganisms
-present antigens to T cells

54
Q

Cells involved in innate immunity

A

-neutrophils (PMN)
-monocytes (macrophages)
-eosinophil
-basophil
-mast cell

55
Q

Eosinophil cells

A

-anti-parasite
-allergy immunity
-contains granules with histamine
-removal sites

56
Q

Basophil cells

A

-protection of mucosal surfaces
-allergy immunity
-contains granules with histamine
-removal site

57
Q

Mast cell

A

-protection of mucosal surfaces
-allergy immunity
-contains granules with histamine
-removal site

58
Q

What is the link between the innate and the adaptive immune system?

A

antigen presenting cells (APCs) or phagocytes

59
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

-dendritic cell, macrophages
-the link between the innate and adaptive immune systems
-found in tissues, skin, nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines

60
Q

Process of APCs linking the immune and adaptive immune systems:

A

once they have engulfed the antigen (bacteria) at the site of the infection they leave the tissue and enter the lymphatic system to travel to lymph nodes to present antigen to lymphocytes (adaptive immune system)

61
Q

General scheme of immune response:

A
  1. pathogen damages the epithelium to break through the epithelial barrier
  2. epithelial cells ‘activated; upon contact with microorganism (start to signal the immune system)
  3. chemokines and cytokines are made by activated epithelial cells
  4. recruits innate immune cells (neutrophils)
    This all happens within seconds
62
Q

Chemokines and cytokines

A

-proteins that allow cells to communicate with each other
-cause cells to migrate from the blood into the tissue underlying the infection

63
Q

Cytokines role in inflammation

A

change the morphology, adhesive properties and permeability of endothelial cells

64
Q

Steps of infammation:

A
  1. cytokines change the endothelial cells
  2. vasodilation/leaking of fluids
65
Q

Heat

A

caused from more blood in the area

66
Q

Swelling

A

happens because the liquid leaks to the extravascular space

67
Q

Redness

A

because there is more blood in the area

68
Q

Pain

A

messengers are signaled to the brain, a pain response is sent back

69
Q

Loss of function

A

inflamed area is not working the right way (not always lameness)

70
Q

What is the layout of post capillary endothelial cells?

A

they are impermeable to cells and plasma
-cells are tightly packed in blood vessels

71
Q

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

A

-heat
-swelling
-redness
-pain
-loss of function

72
Q

When might pus occur?

A

when phagocytic cells respond to cytokines and chemokines and when cells migrate from the blood into the tissue underlying the infection

73
Q

Steps of the protective and innate immune system (7)

A
  1. bacteria breaks skin barrier
  2. activates epithelial cells
  3. cytokines and chemokines are produced
  4. inflammation (vasodilation) and attracts phagocytes
  5. Inflammation (leaky vessels)
  6. allows phagocytes to leave the blood and go to tissue site of infection
  7. phagocytes kill bacteria
74
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

sites of generation, maturation, and initiation of adaptive immune responses

75
Q

Central lymphoid organs

A

-form antibodies and particular WBCs
-Thymus (T-cells mature) - lies behind the heart and slowly disappears with age
-Bone marrow (B-cells mature)

76
Q

Peripheral lymphoid organs

A

(B and T cells Live)
-lymph nodes
-spleen white pulp
-mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

77
Q

Lymphatics functions:

A

-removal of excess fluid (homeostasis)
-waste material transport
-filtration/movement of lymph (information to lymph nodes)
-transport (immune cells circulate)

78
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

-immunity established to adapt to infection
-learnt by experience
-confers pathogen-specific immunity
-enhanced by second exposure
-has memory (remembers and stores a few cells that have encountered a microbe/bacteria before)
-is poorly effective without innate immunity

79
Q

Vaccination needing 1 vaccination for life:

A

adaptive immune system has good memory for this disease (ex. chicken pox)

80
Q

Vaccination needing regularly vaccinated:

A

adaptive immune system has poor memory for this (ex. flu, rabies, tetanus)

81
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adaptive immune system?

A

-cell mediated immunity (CMI)
-humoral immunity

82
Q

Cell mediated immunity (CMI)

A

T cells
-from bone marrow, mature in thymus
-produce cytokines
-activate more microphages to perform killing of pathogens
-activate B cells to produce antibodies
-cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells
-limits infection but does not prevent it.

83
Q

Humoral immunity

A

B-cells
-from bone marrow and mature in bone marrow
-antibody production
-go to lymphoid tissue where they proliferate and make daughter cells
-antibodies are able to prevent infection (right location and right concentrate)

84
Q

Types of antibodies made by B-cells:

A

-IgM
-IgG
-IgA
-IgE

85
Q

IgM antibody

A

early antibody
-agglutination

86
Q

IgG antibody

A

multifunctional
-opsonization
-complement fixation
-IgG(A), IgG(B), IgG(C), IgG(T)

87
Q

IgA antibody

A

mucosal surfaces
-neutralization (of toxins and viruses)

88
Q

IgE antibody

A

mediates allergic responses
-bound to cells (mast cells, eosinophils, basophils)

89
Q

Pathogens can __________

A

mutate; the body cannot always protect against mutation
-some viruses mutate more than others

90
Q

What viruses mutate more often?

A

-flu
-lepto
-salmonella

91
Q

What viruses don’t mutate as often?

A

tetanus

92
Q

Why do we vaccinate?

A
  1. to aid in prevention of disease
  2. to reduce severity of disease
  3. to minimize spread of disease
93
Q

Primary vaccination

A

to establish antigen-specific memory

94
Q

Revaccinaton

A

to prevent antibody or CMI from decaying, to Boost/wake-up the adaptive immune system

95
Q

At what level do antibodies need to be maintained?

A

-high level
-do not wait till it falls to a low level

96
Q

Factors affecting immune response:

A

-age
-genetics/breed
-antigen exposure
-lifestyle
-stress
-exercise
-nutrition
-gut microflora
-endocrine

97
Q

Immune under-reactions

A

-cancer (hepatitis, HIV, shingles, TB)
-infection (viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites)

98
Q

Immune over-reaction

A

-autoimmune problem (type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, inflammatory bowel disease)
-allergic reaction (hay fever, eczema, asthmas, sinusitis)

99
Q

Internal immune threats

A

-autoimmune problem
-cancer

100
Q

External immune threats

A

-allergic reaction
-infection

EQM351 (28 decks)

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