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EQM351 > Respiratory System Exam 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory System Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of respiratory system

A

-draw air into lungs, supplying oxygen
-transfer oxygen from air to blood
-acid/base regulation
-humidification of inspired air
-thermoregulation
-defense against environmental contaminants (ciliated mucosa sweep away particles)
-provide sensory input via olfactory cells
-communication
-increasing abdominal pressure

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2
Q

Arytenoid cartilage

A

abducts to open entry to the trachea

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3
Q

What is the limiting factor in competing animals?

A

always the respiratory system
everything else can be improved

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4
Q

Obligate nasal breathers

A

always breath through the nose, not both the nose and the mouth

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5
Q

What does cartilage look like when it is strong?

A

serrated edges and holds down the soft palate

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6
Q

Asynchronism

A

when the arytenoids close off sync from each other

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7
Q

Hemiplegia

A

-roaring
-when one arytenoid side does not open
-not enough air can get into the lungs, cannot perform as well

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8
Q

What is a fix for dorsal displacement of the soft palate?

A

tongue ties

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9
Q

Gas exchange

A

bringing gas and blood to the alveolis
-transports O2 and CO2 between environment and tissues

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10
Q

What is the tracheobronchial tree line with?

A

secretory ciliated epithelium

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11
Q

Mucociliary system

A

cells that produce mucus

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12
Q

What surrounds the airways from trachea to alveolar ducts?

A

smooth muscle - contracts to cause constriction and decrease surface area

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13
Q

Bronchoconstriction is a response to what?

A

adverse stimulus: cold air, allergies, infection, polen, asthma, etc.

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14
Q

Etiology

A

what a virus is

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15
Q

Influenza types

A

A, B, and C

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16
Q

What type of influenza do horses get?

A

only A

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17
Q

Which influenza type is more severe?

A

A

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18
Q

The influenza bacteria is ______

A

enveloped - derived in lipid envelope

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19
Q

What is embedded on the envelopes

A

500 spikes
-Hemagglutinin (H)
-Neuranimidase (N)

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20
Q

What is responsible for fusion between virus and host cell?

A

hemagglutinin

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21
Q

What is the major target of the host immune response?

A

hemagglutinin

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22
Q

What facilitates mobility of virus and assists in release of the budding viruses?

A

Neuranimidase

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23
Q

How many H subtypes are there?

A

16

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24
Q

How many N subtypes are there?

A

9

25
Q

Where were all H and N subtypes acquired?

A

from aquatic birds

26
Q

What H/N formula do horses get?

A

H7N7 and H3N8

27
Q

H7N7

A

type of influenza horses get
-hasn’t been detected since the late 1970s
-not included in vaccines

28
Q

H3N8

A

-newer version
-circulates around the world

29
Q

Where can H3N8 not be found?

A

austrailia, new zealand, iceland

30
Q

What are the two distinct lineages of H3N8?

A

american and european

31
Q

Incubation period

A

time the animal comes in contact with virus to time they begin showing symptoms

32
Q

How long is the influenza incubation period?

A

24-48 hrs.

33
Q

Epidemiology

A

how the disease is maintained/spread

34
Q

What age is the highest influenza incidence in?

A

2-3 year olds

35
Q

Why is influenza rate highest in 2-3 year olds?

A

-they move around (causes stress which lowers immunity and increases cortisol)
-they do not get as much turnout time
-stress from starting to compete and traveling to compete

36
Q

What are outbreaks caused by?

A

the large gathering of horses at racetracks, shows, sales, and airplanes

37
Q

What can a secondary bacterial infection lead to ?

A

pneumonia

38
Q

Morbidity

A

of the animals that got in contact with the virus, how many get sick

39
Q

Mortality

A

of the horses that got sick, how many died

40
Q

Morbidity of influenza

A

60-90%

41
Q

Mortality of influenza

A

1%

42
Q

How long can horses be immune to influenza after natural infection?

A

up to 32 weeks, immunity declining after

43
Q

What does vaccination do?

A

-reduces the frequency of outbreaks
-reduces the frequency of clinical signs
-reduces recovery time

44
Q

How long is influenza recovery?

A

for every 1 day a horse has a fever they need 1 week of rest

45
Q

How long does it take for the epithelial cells to regrow after symptoms stop?

A

3 weeks

46
Q

How is influenza spread?

A

-direct contact
-droplets
-airborne
-maybe fomites

47
Q

How long do horses shed virus for after infection?

A

7 days

48
Q

Pathogensis

A

once the virus is contracted, what happens to the body

49
Q

What is the target of influenza?

A

airway epithelial cells

50
Q

What does virus replication lead to?

A

-cell death
-desquamation
-denudation

51
Q

Clinical signs of influenza

A

-fever = 106 degrees
-nasal discharge
-cough
-anorexia
-weight loss

52
Q

How long do clinical signs last?

A

2 weeks, cough stays longer

53
Q

Treatment for influenza

A

-rest in a non-stressful environment
-fluids
-NSAIDs
-antivirals (may cause CNS adverse effects or rapid drug resistance

54
Q

How long before horses with influenza can return to activity?

A

50-100 days after the disease cleared

55
Q

Modified live vaccines

A

-intranasal, cold adapted
-6-12 months protection

56
Q

Recombinant vaccines

A

-canary pox vector
-excellent performance against the most recent viral lineages

57
Q

When should a horse first be vaccinated?

A

as a foal, greater than 6 months of age

58
Q

When should broodmares be vaccinated?

A

2-6 weeks pre-partum (~1 month before foaling)

59
Q

How often should we vaccinate?

A

every 6 months in high-risk populations

EQM351 (28 decks)

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