Global Distribution of Equine Diseases

Question 1

Is any country remote from the risk of incursion of animal and human pathogens?

Answer 1

no

Question 2

What is happening as geographical boundaries disappear around the world?

Answer 2

-diseases can move with greater ease between countries and continents
-no longer can intact orders be relied on to prevent infectious disease spread

Question 3

Why is the horse unique compared to other species?

Answer 3

-longest lived of traditional domestic species
-individual economic value can greatly exceed that of any other species
-many horses are national/international “jet-setters”

Question 4

Why are most horses shipped internationally?

Answer 4

-competition purposes (racing, showing, driving, etc.)
-breeding purposes
-relocation due to change of ownership
-shipment for processing

Question 5

What is the trend in the number of prestigious events in the horse industry in recent years?

Answer 5

they are increasing

Question 6

What is the trend in stallions used for dual-hemisphere breeding in recent years?

Answer 6

increasing

Question 7

Acceptance of _____ in most breeds is _______ except in _________

Answer 7

AI; increasing; thoroughbreds

Question 8

Factors affecting worldwide distribution of disease:

Answer 8

-greater globalisation of trade in equids/semen
-multinational trade agreements
-emergent diseases
-mutations of recognized pathogens
-climate related pneumonia
-migration of reservoir hosts/vectors
-availability of “new” vectors, changes in land management, vaccine contamination, agroterrorism

Question 9

What is the most important factor responsible for spread of equine diseases?

Answer 9

international trade

Question 10

Do permanent residency imports or temporary imports pose a greater risk?

Answer 10

permanent residency imports

Question 11

The _____ the volume of horse imports, the ________ the risk of disease incursions

Answer 11

greater; greater

Question 12

Diseases that had an outbreak following the international movement of horses/semen?

Answer 12

-African horse sickness
-contagious equine metritis
-Dourine
-EHV-1 related disease
-Equine infectious anemia
-EVA
-glanders
-piroplasmosis
-VEE

Question 13

New strains of Equine _______ have been spread throughout countries

Answer 13

influenza

Question 14

Most important sources of what diseases comes from subclinical acutely infected animals?

Answer 14

-AHS
-flu
-rhino
-EVA

Question 15

Most important sources of what diseases comes from carrier animals?

Answer 15

-CEM
-EVA
-dourine
-EIA
-glanders
-strangles
-piroplasmosis
-salmonellosis
-rhino

Question 16

Most important sources of what diseases comes from semen/embryos?

Answer 16

-EVA
-CEM

Question 17

Most important sources of what diseases comes from subclinically infected pregnant mares?

Answer 17

-CEM
-rhino
-EVA

Question 18

Potential modes of transmission

Answer 18

-respiratory (flu, EHV-1,4, EVA)
-venereal (CEM, dourine, EVA)
-arthropod (AHS, VEE, EIA, piroplasmosis)
-congenital (EVA, CEM, EHV-1,4)
-latrogenic (EIA, piroplasmosis, CEM)

Question 19

Contributory factors to international spread of equine diseases:

Answer 19

-limited awareness of latest scientific information
-lack of reliable labratory testing
-lack of surveillance and reporting
-lack of uniformity among countries
-lack of pre-export testing

Question 20

Accurate and up-to-date info on diseases is essential too…

Answer 20

-minimizing restrictions
-maximizing protection