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EQM351 > Antimicrobial Agents: Antibiotics Exam 1 > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Agents: Antibiotics Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

prevents bacteria from continuing to grow/multiply

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2
Q

Bactericidal

A

kills bacteria

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3
Q

Can bacteriostatic or bactericidal be used longer?

A

bacteriostatic

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4
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

movement of a drug from administration site to the place of its activity, distribution in the body, metabolism/bioavailability, and elimination/excretion from the body

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5
Q

What organ metabolizes drugs?

A

liver

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6
Q

What happens if bioavailability is low?

A

the drug cannot be metabolized as well by the liver

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7
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

the effect of the drug in the body

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8
Q

Factors affecting kinetics:

A

-release from dosage form
-absorption from the site of administration into the bloodstream
-distribution to various parts of the body, including site of action
-rate of elimination from the body via metabolism or excretion of unchanged drug (how long will it circulate in the body)

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9
Q

Blood brain barrier purpose:

A

prevents drugs from reaching the brain

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10
Q

Time-dependent drugs

A

bactericidal activity continues as long as the plasma concentration is greater than the minimum bactericidal concentration

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11
Q

How often do time-dependent drugs need to be administered?

A

-several times a day
-drugs should be maintained above the MIC

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12
Q

Concentration-dependent drugs

A

the rate and extent of killing increases as the peak drug concentration increases
-want to stay just above the line

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13
Q

What drugs exhibit a Post-Antibiotic Effect?

A

concentration-dependent drugs

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14
Q

Post-antibiotic effect

A

persistent suppression of bacterial growth after dose
-long post-antibiotic effect = longer dosing intervals

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15
Q

How many antibiotics can we use at a time (generally speaking?)

A

1

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16
Q

Gram (+) bacteria examples

A

-staph
-strep

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17
Q

Gram (-) bacteria examples

A

-E. Coli
-salmonella
-pseudomonas

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18
Q

Which gram type is more difficult to kill?

A

gram (-)
-requires non-simple and more toxic antibiotics

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19
Q

4 Classes of Antibiotics

A
  1. cell wall synthesis inhibitors
  2. protein synthesis inhibitors
  3. folic acid synthesis inhibitors
  4. DNA synthesis inhibitors
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20
Q

Which class of antibiotic is the oldest?

A

cell wall synthesis inhibitors

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21
Q

Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors

A

-beta-lactam antibiotics
-cephalosporins
-penicillins
-cannot harm our cells because we do not have cell walls

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22
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors

A

-tetracyclines
-macrolides
-act on ribosomes (different from the ribosomes in our cells)

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23
Q

Folic Acid Synthesis inhibitors

A

-sulfonamides (SMZs, TMZs)
-trimethoprim
-work on the folic acid (we also need folic acid in our cells so these can be toxic to us)

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24
Q

DNA synthesis inhibitors

A

quinolones

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25
Q

How does bacteria spread?

A

-some move
-most spread by multiplying and through blood circulation

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26
Q

Principles of antibiotic therapy:

A

-harm the parasite, not the host
-mechanism of action: processes unique to bacteria
-processes common to bacteria and host = more affinity for bacteria

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27
Q

Types of bacteria

A

-gram +
-gram -
-aerobic
-anaerobic

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28
Q

What type of bacteria is penicillin great for?

A

gram +

29
Q

What is the oldest antibiotic?

A

penicillin

30
Q

How can penicillin be unstable?

A

-in acidic pH - pus is acidic and penicillin cannot survive in the stomach so it cannot be taken orally
-susceptible to destruction by beta-lactamase (in some bacteria)

31
Q

Beta-lactamase

A

-found in some bacteria
-can lead to super infection = bacteria feeds on penicillin and multiplies
-destroys penicillin

32
Q

Types of penicillin

A

-penicillin G
-penicillin V
-procaine penicillin
-benzathine penicillin

33
Q

How is penicillin adminstered?

A

-in hospitals: IV
-most common outside of hospitals: IM (hurts a lot)

34
Q

What are common diseases penicillin is used to treat?

A

-strangles
-strep
-meningococcus
-anthrax
-clostridium

35
Q

Side effects of penicillin

A

-non-toxic unless host is allergic
-anaphylactic shock
-diarrhea (super infection)
-resistance
-yeast infection

36
Q

Semi-synthetic penicillins

A

-ampicillin
-amoxicillin
-methicillin (MRSA)

37
Q

Cephalosporins

A

-similar to penicillins: chemically, mechanism of action, and toxicity
-more stable to bacterial beta-lactamase

38
Q

How are cephalosporins divided?

A

into 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generations
1 = gram +
2 = gram + and -
3 = gram + and -
4 = gram -

39
Q

How can cephalosporins be given?

A

PO, IM, IV

40
Q

What two beta-lactamase inhibitors work well together?

A

amoxicillin and clavulonic acid

41
Q

Vancomycin

A

-beta-lactam
-can only be given IV (in hospital setting)
-can be toxic to kidneys and ears

42
Q

Bacitracin

A

-excellent in killing bacteria
-VERY toxic
-reduced toxicity by putting it in an ointment

43
Q

Triple antibiotic ointment is made up of what?

A
  1. bacitracin
  2. neomycin
  3. polymyxin
44
Q

Tetracyclines treat what types of bacteria?

A

Broad spectrum
-gram +
-gram -
-rickettsia
-anaerobic
-protozoa

45
Q

Tetracyclines

A

-protein synthesis inhibitor
-accumulates inside the bacterial cell, binds to ribosomes, impedes formation of new protein
-bacteria will slowly die (starve the bacteria)

46
Q

What does tetracycline bind to/join with?

A

chelate calcium and other divalent cations (Mg2+)

47
Q

How are tetracyclines administered?

A

PO
IV - diluted and administered slowly (bc calcium is needed for muscle contraction)

48
Q

Who should avoid tetracyclines?

A

young and pregnant individuals
-bc it chelates with Ca which is needed for bone growth

49
Q

What is the one time tetracycline would be used in foals?

A

in foals with contracted tendons
-it removes the Ca that is contracting the tendons to get them to relax

50
Q

How should you take tetracyclines orally?

A

not with any Ca containing product (milk) because it nulls the drug

51
Q

Oxytetracycline

A

LA 200!
-what is given to foals with contracted tendons

52
Q

What tetracycline does not chelate Ca as much as oxytetracycline?

A

Doxycycline
-given orally
-must wear gloves (iron gets absorbed)
-can lead to anemia after long-term use

53
Q

What horses do not use Macrolides?

A

any horses over the age of 1

54
Q

What happens if adults take macrolides?

A

severe diarrhea

55
Q

Most common macrolide

A

erthromycin

56
Q

Two examples of macrolides

A

-clarithromycin
-azythromycin (2-pac)

57
Q

What is used with macrolides to treat Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals?

A

rifampin (if rhoda is resistant-use doxycycline)

58
Q

Side effects of macrolides

A

-diarrhea
-light sensitivity
-fever

59
Q

Aminiglycosides

A

very good in killing bacteria but very toxic, destroys kidneys and has more severe side effects
-used against enteric bacteria
-only used in ointments (except gentamicin)

60
Q

Types of aminoglycosides (protein synthesis inhibitors)

A

-streptomycin
-neomycin (eye ointment)
-gentamicin
-amikacin (join injections to prevent joint infections)
-trobramycin (eye ointment)

61
Q

What is essential for nucleic acid synthesis?

A

folic acid (some microbes need extracellular PABA to form folic acid)

62
Q

What are sulfonamides structurally similar to?

A

PABA

63
Q

Sulfonamides

A

-folic acid synthesis inhibitor
-reversibly block folic acid synthesis (PABAs pick up sulfas instead of creating folic acid)
-bacteriostatic
-not very useful by itself anymore

64
Q

Trimethoprim

A

-folic acid synthesis inhibitor
-used generally in conjunction with SMZs
-synergism
SMZs and TMPs

65
Q

Sulfonamides + what makes them bacteriocidal?

A

trimethoprim

66
Q

Fluoroquinolones: Floxacins

A

-newest antibiotic
-DNA synthesis inhibitor
-broad spectrum
-MRSA

67
Q

Side effects of Floxacins

A

tendon laxity (usually in young animals)

68
Q

Floxacins are useful against what bacteria?

A

all but especially E.Coli when it becomes resistant to SMZ-TMP

69
Q

What is usually the last resort drug type in horses?

A

Flaxacins

EQM351 (28 decks)

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