Salmonella

Question 1

What are the 2 species of salmonella?

Answer 1

-S. enterica
-S. bongori

Question 2

What types of animals does S. bongori infect?

Answer 2

cold blooded, reptiles

Question 3

Does salmonellosis cause enteric or systemic disease?

Answer 3

both

Question 4

Enteric disease is found:

Answer 4

in the GI tract

Question 5

Systemic disease is found:

Answer 5

it can reach the bloodstream

Question 6

How many subspecies does S. enterica have?

Answer 6

6

Question 7

How many serovars does S. enterica have?

Answer 7

2000

Question 8

Are S. enterica and S. bongori gram (-) or (+)?

Answer 8

gram (-)

Question 9

What type of animals does S. enterica infect?

Answer 9

warm blooded animals

Question 10

Is salmonella aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 10

anaerobic (can live with or without oxygen)

Question 11

When a horse has diarrhea there is always a risk of what?

Answer 11

laminitis

Question 12

Host-adaptive

Answer 12

-it causes specific symptoms
-serovars produce systemic infections (not diarrhea)
-abortus-equi

Question 13

Is salmonella host or non-host adaptive?

Answer 13

both

Question 14

Typhoidal

Answer 14

-diarrhea
-typhoid fever
-paratyphoid fever

Question 15

Non-typhoidal

Answer 15

diarrhea

Question 16

Non-host adapted

Answer 16

-typhoidal or non-typhoidal
-typically produces colitis and diarrhea
-can produce systemic disease in neonates

Question 17

What host-adapted Salmonella serovar causes abortion and hemorrhagic foal death?

Answer 17

abortus-equi

Question 18

Where is abortus-equi rare?

Answer 18

in the US

Question 19

Source of infection

Answer 19

-difficult to identify
-possibly feed already consumed
-infected animals

Question 20

Route of infection

Answer 20

fecal oral –> water, feed, feces, worker contaminated hands, etc.

Question 21

Where are outbreaks of salmonella most common?

Answer 21

in hospitalized animals

Question 22

Who can shed the bacteria and infect other horses?

Answer 22

horses, cattle, and hogs

Question 23

How is salmonella often passed from cattle to horses?

Answer 23

from neighboring farms with shared streams

Question 24

Where should horses not drink from?

Answer 24

ponds and streams

Question 25

When do horses shed salmonella more?

Answer 25

in the summer more than the winter

Question 26

How long can salmonella persist in fecal matter?

Answer 26

months to years

Question 27

Good manufacturing procedures (GMP)

Answer 27

all commercial equine feeds are manufactured using GMP, but none are certified salmonella free

Question 28

What in the feed making process can destroy salmonella?

Answer 28

pelleting

Question 29

Up to what % of concentrate is positive for salmonella?

Answer 29

40%

Question 30

What can kill salmonella?

Answer 30

heat

Question 31

Where should fresh manure not be spread?

Answer 31

in pastures (should be composted first, the heat will kill the salmonella)

Question 32

What can contaminate feed?

Answer 32

rodent and bird feces bodies of insects

Question 33

What are sources of pasture contamination?

Answer 33

-organic fertilizers or bone meals -runoff from neighboring farms -contaminated water is used in irrigation or sprinkling

Question 34

Do horses shedding salmonella bacteria always show symptoms?

Answer 34

no

Question 35

What animal sheds a lot of salmonella?

Answer 35

chickens

Question 36

Of horses presenting with diarrhea, what % were positive for salmonella?

Answer 36

18%

Question 37

What makes horses more resistant to salmonella?

Answer 37

-normal intestinal flora -parastasis motility

Question 38

What are risk factors of salmonella infection?

Answer 38

-foals (young age) -deworming -high environment temps (summer) Stress from: -transportation -surgery -change in feed (change in flora) -colic (diminished motility)

Question 39

How is salmonella transmitted?

Answer 39

fecal-oral route

Question 40

What does the infection depend on?

Answer 40

bacterial load

Question 41

What cells does salmonella invade?

Answer 41

the intestinal epithelial cells

Question 42

What is the response to salmonella in the cells?

Answer 42

large inflammatory response: -neutrophils release inflammatory mediators -is responsible for epithelial cell destruction and loss of epithelial barrier functions

Question 43

What does the inflammation and epithelial necrosis result in?

Answer 43

loss of serum protein into the lumen which leads to hypoproteinemia

Question 44

What can salmonella cause?

Answer 44

-endotoxemia -septicemia

Question 45

How does salmonella cause endotoxemia?

Answer 45

it releases endotoxins which effects cardiac function, causes fever, leukopenia, coagulopathies, hypotension

Question 46

Clinical signs

Answer 46

-silent carriers -mild infection: fever, decreased feed intake, loose stools (may or may not shed, but can and will get sick) -severe acute diarrhea: fever, colic, anorexia, fluid and electrolyte losses, dehydration, can lead to liver and kidney damage and laminitis -septicemia -abortion -death

Question 47

When can you give antibiotics for salmonella?

Answer 47

if the infection is mild enough

Question 48

How can salmonella be diagnosed?

Answer 48

-fecal cultures - they are difficult -bacterial isolation -false (+) and false (-) are possible

Question 49

How is salmonella treated?

Answer 49

-antibiotics (controversial) -fluids -banamine -corticosteroids are contra-indicated -nursing care

Question 50

What does treatment prevent?

Answer 50

endotoxemia and laminitis

Question 51

When should antibiotics be used?

Answer 51

only in animals at risk for septicemia or persistent fever

Question 52

What antibiotic should be given to adult horses

Answer 52

fluoroquinolones (IM)

Question 53

What antibiotic should be given to foals?

Answer 53

cephalosporines

Question 54

How many negative tests are needed to rule out salmonella?

Answer 54

3

Question 55

How to prevent salmonella:

Answer 55

-cleanliness/good husbandry -quarantine new arrivals (especially those coming back from the hospital) -avoid overcrowding of pastures (creates stress, fighting, more manure) -pelleted feeds -control insect, rodent, and bird access in horse housing

Question 56

Is there a vaccine for salmonella?

Answer 56

no

Question 57

What is a big source of salmonella in humans?

Answer 57

-eggs and raw chicken (usually from the juice) -ground beef

Question 58

Is salmonella zoonotic

Answer 58

yes