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EQM351 > Skin Disorders > Flashcards

Skin Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

General skin disorders characteristics

A

-time of year
-itching
-crusts, scales, loss of hair
-1 location or multiple
-what structures are involved

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2
Q

Causes of skin disorders:

A

-mange
-pediculosis
-onchocerca
-culicoides
-food allergy
-atopy
-dermatophytosis
-dermatophilosis
-folliculitis
-malassezia
-seborrhea
-pemphigus foliaceus
-papillomavirus
-habronema
-sarcoid
-sporotrichosis
-screwworm

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3
Q

Papillomavirus

A

cutaneous papillomas (warts) are proliferative skin lesions caused by equus caballus papillomavirus type 1 (EcPV-1)

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4
Q

What age does papillomavirus most effect?

A

most horses are <3 years old

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5
Q

How is papillomavirus spread?

A

by fomites or close contact

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6
Q

How long do papillomavirus warts last?

A

warts disappear spontaneously 1-6 months after they appear

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7
Q

Clinical findings of papillomavirus

A

-warts on muzzle, lips, sometimes distal limbs, ears, eyelids, genitalia
-cauliflower-like appearance

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8
Q

How is papilloma virus diagnosed?

A

obvious lesions, sometimes cutaneous biopsy to differentiate from verrucous sarcoids (older horses)

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9
Q

How is papilloma virus treated?

A

resolves spontaneously
-it is difficult to determine if therapy actually helps

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10
Q

When is treatment generally done for papillomavirus?

A

for esthetic reasons:
-freeze warts
-chemical cauterization
-surgical excision
-immunostimulants

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11
Q

How can papillomavirus be prevented?

A

affected horses should be isolated
-disinfect the premises and equiptment

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12
Q

What is dermatophilosis?

A

-rain rot
-mud fever
-dew poisoning

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13
Q

What is dermatophilosis caused by?

A

Dermatophilus congolensis:
falcultative anaerobic
shares characteristics with bacteria and fungus (hyphae and zoospores)

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14
Q

What is the natural habitat of dermatophilosis?

A

unknown

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15
Q

How can infections of dermatophilosis spread?

A

crusts from infected animals can infect the same animal on a different spot and other animals

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16
Q

What does the establishment of dermatophilosis infection depend on?

A

depends on the virulence of strain, health of horse, skin trauma, and moisture

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17
Q

What happens when dermatophilosis infections start?

A

-zoospores germinate, producing hyphae under favorable conditions
-hyphae penetrate the skin
-hyphae breaks down and forms coccoid cells
-those cells are released from the crusts to infect new areas

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18
Q

How does dermatophilosis survive?

A

D. congolensis break keratin and function at a wide pH range, enabling the disease to survive in inflammed skin

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19
Q

Can D. congolensis infect intact skin?

A

no

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20
Q

What makes skin susceptible to D. congolensis infection?

A

insects and ticks cause trauma making the skin susceptible to the infection

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21
Q

What is one of the main causes of dermatophilosis?

A

moisture
-rain increases blood sucking flies, creates moist environment under hairs with low oxygen

22
Q

Clinical signs of dermatophilosis:

A

-lesions are exudative
-hairs are matted together forming thick crusts
-underlying skin under crusts is eroded, painful, and may bleed
-new lesions can be purulent and old lesions are dry and hairless

23
Q

Where is dermatophilosis often found?

A

-rump
-dorsal thorax
-face
(from heavy rainfall)
-saddle area (when pad rubs and injures the skin)

24
Q

How is dermatophilosis diagnosed?

A

cytology and clinical signs

25
Q

Treatment of dermatophilosis

A

-parenteral administration of antibiotics (penicillin, SMZ-TMP)
-topical benzoyl peroxide shampoos (antibacterial and keratolytic, breaking down the crusts) (MTG, Kinetic products)
-most horses recover after 1 month of being kept at a dry place

26
Q

Prevention of dermatophilosis:

A

-keep animals dry
-don’t share grooming tools
-insect repellent
-groom horse routinely to air out the skin

27
Q

Dermatophytosis

A

ringworm

28
Q

How long can fungus survive on an infected ringworm girth?

A

for 1 year

29
Q

Is dermatophytosis contagious?

A

yes by indirect and direct contact

30
Q

What % of horses with suspected ringworm actually have ringworm?

A

5%
-majority are dermatophilus or staph infection of the skin

31
Q

What can lead to dermatophytosis lesions?

A

abrasions of the skin (important in heartgirth area)

32
Q

What can predispose horses to dermatophytosis?

A

stress

33
Q

What happens to some horses after a dermatophytosis infection?

A

they develop a strong immunity against it, they clear the infection and never develop it again

34
Q

Lesion characteristics of dermatophytosis:

A

-may present with circular patches of alopecia
-surrounded by erythema and scaling

35
Q

What may be observed in the early stages of dermatophytosis?

A

urticaria-like lesions

36
Q

Where are the most frequent sites of dermatophytosis?

A

girth and shoulder

37
Q

How is dermatophytosis diagnosed?

A

-cytology (bacteria, fungus)
-skin scraping (fungus, mange, other mites)
-histology (pemphigus foliaceus)
-culture of fungus
-determining what it isn’t first

38
Q

How are most cases of dermatophytosis resolved?

A

spontaneously

39
Q

Treatment of dermatophytosis:

A

-topical: povidine-iodine, 2% lime sulfur dip, ketoconazole shampoos
-bleach environment
-spray horses that were in contact with the infected horse

40
Q

Is dermatophytosis zoonotic?

A

yes it can be passed to humans

41
Q

Why are ketoconazole shampoos not very effective?

A

they have to sit for awhile on the skin in order to work, they no longer work after getting rinsed off

42
Q

Urticaria (hives)

A

multiple plaque-like eruptions formed by localized edema (often develop and disappear suddenly)

43
Q

Is hives exogenous or endogenous?

A

both

44
Q

What can exogenous hives be produced by?

A

toxic irritating products of the stinging nettle, the stings or bites of insects, medications, or chemicals

45
Q

What can endogenous hives be produced by?

A

after inhalation or absorption of ingested allergens

46
Q

What can hives be associated with?

A

intestinal parasites

47
Q

How can present as urticaria (hives) early in the disease?

A

-dermatophytosis (ringworm)
-pemphigus foliaceus

48
Q

Clinical signs of urticaria (hives)

A

-plaques appear within a few minutes or hours of exposure to the causative agent
-horses are often excitable or restless
-skin lesions are elevated, round, flat-topped, and may be slightly depressed in the center
-on any part of the body
-lesions disappear as rapidly as they arise (usually within a few hours)
-prognosis is favorable
-fatalities are rare

49
Q

Clinical signs of severe cases of urticaria (hives)

A

-the cutaneous eruptions are preceded by fever, anorexia, or dullness
-they may be found on the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, conjunctiva, rectum, and vagina
-death due to anaphylaxis

50
Q

What is the treatment of acute urticaria?

A

it usually disappears spontaneously

51
Q

Treatment of uticaria:

A

-dexamethasone
-antihistamines (Rocover-Kinetic)
-epinephrine to combat anaphylactic shock
-lesions will return if the allergen is not eliminated

EQM351 (28 decks)

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