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Path 2 > Stomach Diseases > Flashcards

Stomach Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blood supply of the stomach

A

celiac (foregut) right gastric artery, left gastric artery, right gastro-mental artery, left gastro-mental and short gastric arteries.

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2
Q

What are the Gastrointestinal physiology of the stomach?

A

Parietal Cell - secretes HCl intrinsic factor that is stimulated by histamine, Ach and gastrin

Chief cell - secretes pepsinogen

G- cells - Gastrin

Superficial epithelial cell - Mucus, HCO3

Neuroendocrine cells - multiple ( somatostatin, inhibits cell secretion)

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3
Q

What is acute gastritis

A

it is inflammation of stomach mucosa. it involves the stomach and the small intestine.

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4
Q

What conditions are associated with AG?

A

Non-steroidal Drugs (NSAIDs) and Corticosteroids,Alcohol Abuse,Cigarette Smoking, Shock,Uremia (end of Kidney failure),Treatment with Chemotherapy Drugs,H. Pylori, Mechanical Trauma (Intubation),Burns - Curling’s Ulcer Raised Intracranial Pressure – Cushing’s Ulcers

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5
Q

What are the stress ulcer prophylaxis?

A

Mechanical ventilation, burns ( curling ulcers), head trauma ( cushing ulcer) and coagulopathy

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6
Q

What is Mild Acute Gastritis? Morphology?

A

The Surface Epithelium Is Intact, Although Scattered Neutrophils May Be Present.Lamina Propria Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells Are Not Prominent.
The Presence of Neutrophils Above the Basement Membrane—specifically, in Direct Contact with Epithelial Cells—is Abnormal in All Parts of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Signifies Active Inflammation

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7
Q

Severe Acute Gastritis? Morphology?

A

Severe Mucosal Damage, Erosion, or Loss of the Superficial Epithelium
- Leading to Formation of Mucosal Neutrophilic Infiltrates and Purulent Exudates
- Hemorrhage May Occur, Manifesting as Dark Puncta in an Otherwise Hyperemic Mucosa
Presence of Erosion and Hemorrhage Is Termed Acute Erosive Hemorrhagic Gastritis

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8
Q

What are the manifestations of Gastritis

A

Non-erosive - Painless Bleeding

Erosive - Gastritis - painful Bleeding, nausea and vomiting

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9
Q

What is chronic Gastritis

A

Nausea and upper abdominal discomfort, with or without vomiting.

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10
Q

What are the Causes

A

H. pylori infection is the MCC. Autoimmune gastritis 10% of cases of chronic gastritis and is the most common form of chronic gastritis in patients with H. pylori infection

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11
Q

What is H.pylori Gastritis

A

H. pylori organism in 90% of Antral chronic Gastritis. increased acid secretion that occurs in H. pylori gastritis may cause peptic ulcer disease. it increases the risk of gastric cancers.

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12
Q

What is the epidemiology of H.pylori

A

Associated with Poverty, Household Crowding, Limited Education, African American or Mexican American Ethnicity, Residence In Areas with Poor Sanitation, and Birth Outside of the United States

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13
Q

What are the 2 stains for H.pylori

A

Wart thin starry Silver stain and Giesma Stain

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14
Q

What are the 4 test of diagnosing H.pylori

A

Endoscopy
Serology
Urea C13 and C14 broth test
Stool sample

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15
Q

What are the virulence factors of H. pylori

A

Flagella
Urease
Adherence
Toxin

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16
Q

What is autoimmune gastritis

A

Autoantibodies to Parietal Cells and Intrinsic Factor. Loss of Parietal Cells, which Secrete Acid and Intrinsic Factor → Deficient Acid Production → Achlorhydria Stimulates Gastrin Release Resulting in Hypergastrinemia and Hyperplasia of Antral Gastrin-producing G Cells

17
Q

What are the deficiencies of Autoimmune Gastritis

A

B12 and Megaloblastic

18
Q

What are always in the histologic finding of autoimmune disorders

A

macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells

19
Q

What is PUD or Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

a break in the lining of the stomach.

20
Q

What is the major cause of PUD

A

H. pylori and NSAID

21
Q

What is the pathogenesis of PUD

A

mbalances of Mucosal Defenses and Damaging Forces that Cause Chronic Gastritis
NSAIDS, Cigarette Smoking, High-Dose Corticosteroids.Hyperacidity due to Parietal Cell Hyperplasia, Impaired Inhibition of Stimulatory Mechanisms, Gastrinoma (ZES- 1st portion of duodenum).Alcoholic Cirrhosis, COPD, Chronic Renal Failure, Hyperparathyroidism (↑ Ca++ Stimulates Gastrin), Stress

22
Q

What are the manifestations of PUD

A

it is abdominal pain That can:
Improves with eating (Duodenal Ulcer) or
Get worse with eating ( Gastric Ulcer)

23
Q

What is the location of the PUD

A

Duodenal Ulcers Usually Occur within a Few Centimeters of the Pyloric Valve and Involve the Anterior Duodenal Wall.Gastric Peptic Ulcers Are Predominantly Located Near the Interface of the Body and Antrum.

24
Q

What complication of PUD

A

Bleeding - iron deficiency anemia
Perforation - air under the diaphragm
obstruction
pain

25
Q

What is ZES

A

Zollinger- elision syndrome:
60% - 90% are Malignant Pancreatic Non-β -Islet cell tumors
-Serum Gastrin >1000 pg /ml
-Parietal Cell Hyperplasia
-Peptic Ulcers May be either Single or Multiple
-May present past first portion of duodenum

26
Q

What is Menetrier Disesase

A

Giant Rugal Folds In Gastric Fundus

  • Hyperplasia of Foveolar Mucus Glands
  • Protein Losing Enteropathy
  • Atrophy of Parietal Cells
  • Achlorhydria
  • Malabsorption, Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal -Pain, Edema,
  • ↑ Risk Adenocarcinoma
27
Q

MEN 1

A

Parathyroid
Pancreatic
Pituitary

28
Q

MEN 2

A

Medullary thyroid
Pheochromocytoma
Parathyroid

29
Q

MEN 3

A

Medullary Thyroid
Phenochromocytoma
Neuroma

30
Q

What are the manifestation Gastric Adenocarcinoma

A

Early : Dyspepsia, Dysphagia and Nausea

Late: Wieght loss, Anorexia, altered Bowel Habits, Anemia and hemorrhage

31
Q

What is the incidence rate of Gastric adenocarcinoma

A

incidence in higher (20x) in Japan, chile, Costa Rica, and Eastern Euproe than in North America, northern Europe, Africa and Southeast Asia.

32
Q

What are the causes of Carcinoid tumor

A

Cutaneous Flushing, seating, Bronchospasm, colicky abdominal Pain, Diarrhea, Right sided Cardiac Valvular Fibrosis and due to the increase of serotonin.

33
Q

What happens with Gastric Carcinoma Spread

A

Can Penetrate the Wall and The Serosa and Metastasize

  • Frequently to Supraclavicular Node (Virchow’s Node)
  • Locally to Surrounding Structures– Duodenum, Pancreas, and Retroperitoneum
  • Metastasis to Ovary — Krukenberg Tumour
  • Metastasis to the Skin Around Umbilicus Producing Nodules – Sister Joseph Nodules
34
Q

What are causes of upper GI bleeding

A 
Esophageal Gastritis, Ulcers 
Mallory weiss tear 
Boerhaave syndrome 
Erosive esophagitis 
Tumor 
Anticoagulant medication side effect

Path 2 (22 decks)

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