Liver Flashcards
Where is the location of the liver i
it is locate below the diaphragm in the RUQ
What divides the liver
the Falciform ligament
What is the main tissue of the liver
Hepatocytes
What are the microscopic findings of the liver
Portal Triad
Peripheral Zone
Pericental Zone
Central Vein
What are the function
Bilrubin metabolism
Estrogen metabolism
All clotting factors except VIII and vwF
Regulation of glycogen storage
what is the formula for Bilirubin
Total = unconjugated + Conjugated
What vitamin is important to the clotting factor
Vitamin K
What are the steps of the metabolism and Excretion of Bilirubin
1) old RBC broken by macrophages in spleen
2) Hemoglobin broken to heme and globin
3) Heme to biliverdin that is related in to blood through albumin and taken by hepatocytes
4) its then conjugated by the liver by UGT
5) Stored in gallbladder for release into duodenum (2nd duodenum)
6) bacteria hydrolyze conjugated to urobilnogen
7) oxidation of urobilinogen yields urobilin/stercoblin (Yellow stool)
8) same oxidation happen in kidney and makes urine yellow
What is involved in the function of carb metabolism
Carbs–> polysaccharides–> glucose–>
What happens if there is hypoglycemia
glycogenolysis - the breakdown of glycogen
What happens if there is hyperglycemia
glycolysis - the breakdown of glucose
What happens in lipid metabolism m
lipolysis - the breakdown of fate
synthesis of lipoprotein
triglyceride and cholesterol
What happens in protein synthesis
Deamination of amino acids and the conversion of NH3 to urea
What happens if NH3 ( ammonia) isn’t converted
Hepatic encephalopathy
What happens with storage of Vitamin and minerals
Storages Fat double vitamin A, E D, K B12, Iron and copper
what is unconjugated bilirubin
Fat soluble
What is conjugated bilirubin
Water soluble
What does Vitamin A help with
Vision
What does Vitamin E help with
Anti-oxidant neuropathy
What does Vitamine D help with
Bone
What does Vita. K help with
Bleeding
What is neuropathy
Damage to the nerves through systemic disease like DM or Vitamin deficiency
What is Hemochromatosis
An increase in Fe due to genetic disorder
What is Wilson’s Disease
genetic disorder due to the accusation of copper in the tissue due to liver disease
What are the steps of activation of Vitamin D
1) Ergocalciferol (D2- plants) is conveyed to Cholecalciferol (D3) and 7-Dehydrocholestrol is converted to cholecalciferol (D3) through UV light
2) cholecalciferol comes together in the liver to make converted to 25- Hydroxycholecalcifol through enzyme 25-hydrolyase
3) it then goes to the kidney where it becomes active by enzyme 1-alpha hydroxxylase to be calcitriol.
What are the different liver test
ALT, AST, ALP, GGT
What does ALT measure
liver damage, marker of inflammation
What does AST measure
Alcoholic disease usually 2 to 1 ratio
What does ALP measure
it is relevant in the aspect of the bone, liver, biliary tract and epithelium
What does GGT measure
it is relevant in the liver and biliary tract. it measures liver dysfunction. more sensitive than ALP and is seen in chronic alcoholism
What is albumin relevance
it is a protein made in the liver that maintains osmotic pressure. used to transport drugs, hormones and enzymes. it is decreased in acute liver disease
What is PT relevance
evaluates extrinsic pathway. relavant with factor 1, 2,5, 7, 9 and 10
What is Ammonia relevance
it is a by product of protein break down. it increases in sever hepatic dysfunction. encephalopathy
What is anti-mitochondrial antibody
Primary biliary cirrhosis
What is anti-smooth muscle antibody
autoimmune hepatitis
What is anti-nuclear antibody
autoimmune hepatitis
What is AFP
Hepatocellular carcinoma
