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Path 2 > Liver > Flashcards

Liver Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the location of the liver i

A

it is locate below the diaphragm in the RUQ

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2
Q

What divides the liver

A

the Falciform ligament

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3
Q

What is the main tissue of the liver

A

Hepatocytes

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4
Q

What are the microscopic findings of the liver

A

Portal Triad
Peripheral Zone
Pericental Zone
Central Vein

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5
Q

What are the function

A

Bilrubin metabolism
Estrogen metabolism
All clotting factors except VIII and vwF
Regulation of glycogen storage

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6
Q

what is the formula for Bilirubin

A

Total = unconjugated + Conjugated

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7
Q

What vitamin is important to the clotting factor

A

Vitamin K

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8
Q

What are the steps of the metabolism and Excretion of Bilirubin

A

1) old RBC broken by macrophages in spleen
2) Hemoglobin broken to heme and globin
3) Heme to biliverdin that is related in to blood through albumin and taken by hepatocytes
4) its then conjugated by the liver by UGT
5) Stored in gallbladder for release into duodenum (2nd duodenum)
6) bacteria hydrolyze conjugated to urobilnogen
7) oxidation of urobilinogen yields urobilin/stercoblin (Yellow stool)
8) same oxidation happen in kidney and makes urine yellow

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9
Q

What is involved in the function of carb metabolism

A

Carbs–> polysaccharides–> glucose–>

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10
Q

What happens if there is hypoglycemia

A

glycogenolysis - the breakdown of glycogen

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11
Q

What happens if there is hyperglycemia

A

glycolysis - the breakdown of glucose

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12
Q

What happens in lipid metabolism m

A

lipolysis - the breakdown of fate
synthesis of lipoprotein
triglyceride and cholesterol

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13
Q

What happens in protein synthesis

A

Deamination of amino acids and the conversion of NH3 to urea

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14
Q

What happens if NH3 ( ammonia) isn’t converted

A

Hepatic encephalopathy

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15
Q

What happens with storage of Vitamin and minerals

A

Storages Fat double vitamin A, E D, K B12, Iron and copper

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16
Q

what is unconjugated bilirubin

A

Fat soluble

17
Q

What is conjugated bilirubin

A

Water soluble

18
Q

What does Vitamin A help with

A

Vision

19
Q

What does Vitamin E help with

A

Anti-oxidant neuropathy

20
Q

What does Vitamine D help with

A

Bone

21
Q

What does Vita. K help with

A

Bleeding

22
Q

What is neuropathy

A

Damage to the nerves through systemic disease like DM or Vitamin deficiency

23
Q

What is Hemochromatosis

A

An increase in Fe due to genetic disorder

24
Q

What is Wilson’s Disease

A

genetic disorder due to the accusation of copper in the tissue due to liver disease

25
Q

What are the steps of activation of Vitamin D

A

1) Ergocalciferol (D2- plants) is conveyed to Cholecalciferol (D3) and 7-Dehydrocholestrol is converted to cholecalciferol (D3) through UV light
2) cholecalciferol comes together in the liver to make converted to 25- Hydroxycholecalcifol through enzyme 25-hydrolyase
3) it then goes to the kidney where it becomes active by enzyme 1-alpha hydroxxylase to be calcitriol.

26
Q

What are the different liver test

A

ALT, AST, ALP, GGT

27
Q

What does ALT measure

A

liver damage, marker of inflammation

28
Q

What does AST measure

A

Alcoholic disease usually 2 to 1 ratio

29
Q

What does ALP measure

A

it is relevant in the aspect of the bone, liver, biliary tract and epithelium

30
Q

What does GGT measure

A

it is relevant in the liver and biliary tract. it measures liver dysfunction. more sensitive than ALP and is seen in chronic alcoholism

31
Q

What is albumin relevance

A

it is a protein made in the liver that maintains osmotic pressure. used to transport drugs, hormones and enzymes. it is decreased in acute liver disease

32
Q

What is PT relevance

A

evaluates extrinsic pathway. relavant with factor 1, 2,5, 7, 9 and 10

33
Q

What is Ammonia relevance

A

it is a by product of protein break down. it increases in sever hepatic dysfunction. encephalopathy

34
Q

What is anti-mitochondrial antibody

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis

35
Q

What is anti-smooth muscle antibody

A

autoimmune hepatitis

36
Q

What is anti-nuclear antibody

A

autoimmune hepatitis

37
Q

What is AFP

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Path 2 (22 decks)

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