Liver

Question 1

Where is the location of the liver i

Answer 1

it is locate below the diaphragm in the RUQ

Question 2

What divides the liver

Answer 2

the Falciform ligament

Question 3

What is the main tissue of the liver

Answer 3

Hepatocytes

Question 4

What are the microscopic findings of the liver

Answer 4

Portal Triad
Peripheral Zone
Pericental Zone
Central Vein

Question 5

What are the function

Answer 5

Bilrubin metabolism
Estrogen metabolism
All clotting factors except VIII and vwF
Regulation of glycogen storage

Question 6

what is the formula for Bilirubin

Answer 6

Total = unconjugated + Conjugated

Question 7

What vitamin is important to the clotting factor

Answer 7

Vitamin K

Question 8

What are the steps of the metabolism and Excretion of Bilirubin

Answer 8

1) old RBC broken by macrophages in spleen
2) Hemoglobin broken to heme and globin
3) Heme to biliverdin that is related in to blood through albumin and taken by hepatocytes
4) its then conjugated by the liver by UGT
5) Stored in gallbladder for release into duodenum (2nd duodenum)
6) bacteria hydrolyze conjugated to urobilnogen
7) oxidation of urobilinogen yields urobilin/stercoblin (Yellow stool)
8) same oxidation happen in kidney and makes urine yellow

Question 9

What is involved in the function of carb metabolism

Answer 9

Carbs–> polysaccharides–> glucose–>

Question 10

What happens if there is hypoglycemia

Answer 10

glycogenolysis - the breakdown of glycogen

Question 11

What happens if there is hyperglycemia

Answer 11

glycolysis - the breakdown of glucose

Question 12

What happens in lipid metabolism m

Answer 12

lipolysis - the breakdown of fate
synthesis of lipoprotein
triglyceride and cholesterol

Question 13

What happens in protein synthesis

Answer 13

Deamination of amino acids and the conversion of NH3 to urea

Question 14

What happens if NH3 ( ammonia) isn’t converted

Answer 14

Hepatic encephalopathy

Question 15

What happens with storage of Vitamin and minerals

Answer 15

Storages Fat double vitamin A, E D, K B12, Iron and copper

Question 16

what is unconjugated bilirubin

Answer 16

Fat soluble

Question 17

What is conjugated bilirubin

Answer 17

Water soluble

Question 18

What does Vitamin A help with

Answer 18

Vision

Question 19

What does Vitamin E help with

Answer 19

Anti-oxidant neuropathy

Question 20

What does Vitamine D help with

Answer 20

Bone

Question 21

What does Vita. K help with

Answer 21

Bleeding

Question 22

What is neuropathy

Answer 22

Damage to the nerves through systemic disease like DM or Vitamin deficiency

Question 23

What is Hemochromatosis

Answer 23

An increase in Fe due to genetic disorder

Question 24

What is Wilson’s Disease

Answer 24

genetic disorder due to the accusation of copper in the tissue due to liver disease

Question 25

What are the steps of activation of Vitamin D

Answer 25

1) Ergocalciferol (D2- plants) is conveyed to Cholecalciferol (D3) and 7-Dehydrocholestrol is converted to cholecalciferol (D3) through UV light 2) cholecalciferol comes together in the liver to make converted to 25- Hydroxycholecalcifol through enzyme 25-hydrolyase 3) it then goes to the kidney where it becomes active by enzyme 1-alpha hydroxxylase to be calcitriol.

Question 26

What are the different liver test

Answer 26

ALT, AST, ALP, GGT

Question 27

What does ALT measure

Answer 27

liver damage, marker of inflammation

Question 28

What does AST measure

Answer 28

Alcoholic disease usually 2 to 1 ratio

Question 29

What does ALP measure

Answer 29

it is relevant in the aspect of the bone, liver, biliary tract and epithelium

Question 30

What does GGT measure

Answer 30

it is relevant in the liver and biliary tract. it measures liver dysfunction. more sensitive than ALP and is seen in chronic alcoholism

Question 31

What is albumin relevance

Answer 31

it is a protein made in the liver that maintains osmotic pressure. used to transport drugs, hormones and enzymes. it is decreased in acute liver disease

Question 32

What is PT relevance

Answer 32

evaluates extrinsic pathway. relavant with factor 1, 2,5, 7, 9 and 10

Question 33

What is Ammonia relevance

Answer 33

it is a by product of protein break down. it increases in sever hepatic dysfunction. encephalopathy

Question 34

What is anti-mitochondrial antibody

Answer 34

Primary biliary cirrhosis

Question 35

What is anti-smooth muscle antibody

Answer 35

autoimmune hepatitis

Question 36

What is anti-nuclear antibody

Answer 36

autoimmune hepatitis

Question 37

What is AFP

Answer 37

Hepatocellular carcinoma