Head and Neck Disease - Nose

Question 1

What is infectious rhinitis

Answer 1

infectious rhinitis- this is the common cold. adeno, echo and rhinovirus. inflammatory discharge, nasal mucosal is thickened edematous red and turbinates are enlarged.

Question 2

What is allergic rhinitis

Answer 2

allergic rhinitis - hay fever. hypersensitivity reaction to dust, pollen, dander. IgE (eosinophils) mediated (type 1) Mucosal edema, redness, mucosa secretion, leukocytic infiltration predominately

Question 3

What is chronic rhinitis

Answer 3

chronic rhinitis - Repeated attacks of acute rhinitis. risk factors are deviated nail septum and nasal polyps

Question 4

What is sinusitis

Answer 4

sinusitis - upper respiratory infection that happens after a acute or chronic rhinitis. it is a viral (MCC) str. pneumonia (MC bacterial cause). it obstructs sinus outflow.

Question 5

What are the clinical manifestations of sinusitis

Answer 5

clinical - fever, nasal congestion and thick discharge. physical exam - transillumination test, maxillary and frontal sinus pain on palliation, frontal headache that gets worse with bending head forward or lying down. Kartagner syndrome association.

Question 6

What are nasal polyps

Answer 6

Nasal Polyps - Due to recurrent attacks of rhinitis, IgE associated and Sameter’s Triad.

Question 7

What is pharyngitis

Answer 7

Inflammation of pharynx and is the most common cause of sore throat.

Question 8

What are the MMC of pharyngitis

Answer 8

viral MMC, group A strep

Question 9

What are the clinical manifestations of pharyngitis

Answer 9

clinical there is fever, sore throat, cough. How do you diagnose: center criteria, fever, tonsillar exudates, tender anteriorcerival adenopathy, and absence of cough. throat culture. treatment - NSAIDS and antibiotics.

Question 10

What are the complications of Pharyngitis

Answer 10

Complications: acute thematic fever, scarlet fever, toxic shock syndrome, glomerulonephritis, periotonsillar, abscess, mastoiditis.

Question 11

What is tonsillitis

Answer 11

it is inflammation of tonsils with symptoms same as pharyngitis but more severe.

Question 12

What is nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Answer 12

is the most common cancer originating in the nasopharynx, the uppermost region of the pharynx (“throat”), behind the nose where the nasal passages and auditory tubes join the remainder of the upper respiratory tract. NPC occurs in children and adults.

Question 13

What is nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with? what are the common races that have it?

Answer 13

EBV. Chinese and African

Question 14

What is Peritonsillar abscess

Answer 14

Peritonsillar Abscess: cellulitis of space behind tonsillar capsule, Group A strep. can develop from acute infection.

Question 15

What are the manifestations of Peritonsillar abscess

Answer 15

Clinical- fever, dehydration, sore throat, dysphagia, odynophagia, uvular devotion and lock jaw.

Question 16

What is laryngitis

Answer 16

Acute - Inflammation of larynx, same pathogens as pharynigits, voice strain.

Question 17

What are the manifestations of laryngitis

Answer 17

Clinical – upper respiratory track infection symptoms, hoarseness, cough attacksTreatment – self resolving, voice rest, fluids, humidification, avoid smoking.

Question 18

What are vocal cord nodules

Answer 18

Vocal Cord Nodules- Also called Singer’s nodules.Chronic voice strain, frequent URTI, smoke , alcohol.Clinical – hoarseness worse at the end of the day

Question 19

What is laryngeal carcinoma

Answer 19

are mostly squamous cell carcinomas, reflecting their origin from the skin of the larynx.

Question 20

What are the risk factors

Answer 20

Males. Risk factors – smoking (MCC), alcohol, HPV 6 & 11.Persistent hoarseness