Head and Neck Diseases - Oral Cavity

Question 1

What are Caries

Answer 1

Demineralization of tooth by acidic metabolites of fermenting sugars. how to prevent : add fluoride

Question 2

What is gingivitis

Answer 2

Inflammation of oral mucosa surrounding teeth due to poor oral hygiene. there is a accumulation of plaque and calculus. preventing is through brushing, flossing, dental visits.

Question 3

What is Periodonitis

Answer 3

Inflammation of periodontal ligaments , alveolar bone, cementum due to poor oral hygiene. loose teeth.

Question 4

What is aphthos Ulcers

Answer 4

recurrent, painful, superficial oral mucosal ulceration. immunologic disease association like celiac disease, inflammatory Bowel Disease and Behcet disease. single or multiple, shallow, hyperemic ulceration covered by a thin exudate, rimmed by a narrow zone of erythema. resolves spontaneously.

Question 5

What is Fibrous Proliferative Lesion

Answer 5

• irritation fibroma (traumatic fibroma), pyogenic granuloma and found on gingiva specially of pregnant women.

Question 6

What is Herpes Simplex

Answer 6

HSV-1 where there is an abrupt onset of vesicles and ulceration of oral mucosa. there will be fever and lymphadenopathy and in a immunocompromised states.

Question 7

What is Oral Candidiasis

Answer 7

Candida albaicans, it si the most common fungal infection of oral cavity, happens in immunocompromised states, pseudomembranous ( most common types). Superficial, gray to white inflammatory membrane and can by easily scraped off. Due to broad spectrum antibiotic use ( it wipes away the normal flora.)

Question 8

What is Hairy leukoplakia

Answer 8

lateral border of tongue. associated with EPV and immunocompromised states. cannot be scraped off and precancerous.

Question 9

What is Erthroplakia

Answer 9

Red, velvety, precancerous ( much higher than leukoplakia)

Question 10

What is a Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Answer 10

95% of all head and neck cancers with the risk facts for the US being smoking and alcohol and risk factors in Aisa are betel leaf (paan). other risk factors are sunlight, pipe, smoking and 70% of oropharynx SCC are associated with HPV-16.

Question 11

What are immunocompromised states

Answer 11

Organ transplants
Autoimmune disease
HIV
Immunosuppressive drugs 
Steroids 
Methotrexate 
Azathioprine 
Tacrolimus 
Infliximab, Etanercept, adalibumab 
Cancer 
Diabetes Mellitus