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EPPP > Stats/Research Design > Flashcards

Stats/Research Design Flashcards

1
Q

MANOVAs are for how many DVs

A

more than one

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2
Q

One way ANOVAs are for how many IVs

A

one

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3
Q

Factorial ANOVAs are for how many IVs

A

more than one

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4
Q

Which is more powerful - ANOVA or MANOVA?

A

ANOVA

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5
Q

It’s easier to find significant if separate ANOVAS are run for each IV but this increases the chance of _____

A

Type 1 error

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6
Q

ANCOVA is used for removing the effects of a

A

Confound

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7
Q

Selection bias is a threat to _____ and occurs when….

A

Internal validity….subjects are not randomly assigned to tx groups

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8
Q

Quasi-experimental designs affect internal validity, external validity, both, or neither?

A

internal validity only

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9
Q

Is external validity affected by non-random assignment?

A

No

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10
Q

Experimental is classified as either ____ or ____

A

True or Quasi

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11
Q

What is the primary feature that distinguishes a true experimental study from a quasi one? Is it considered the most powerful method of experimental control?

A

Random assignment…YES

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12
Q

A source of systematic error that is irrelevant to a study’s hypotheses and confounds the results

A

extraneous variable

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13
Q

Some technique to control for an extraneous variable include:

A

1) Random assignment to tx groups
2) Holding the EV constant
3) Matching subjects on the EV
4) Building the EV into the study (aka Blocking)
5) Statistical control of the EV

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14
Q

What is the primary downfall of holding an EV constant to control for its effects?

A

Limited generalizability

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15
Q

Matching subjects on the EV is most useful when?

A

The sample size is too small

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16
Q

When Building the EV into the study (aka Blocking), the EV is then considered a?

A

Moderator variable

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17
Q

In choosing a research design it is critical you choose one that minimizes the effects of ______ and _____ error.

A

systematic, random

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18
Q

Internal validity is threatened when which 3 things happen?

A

1) Investigator can’t maximize the effects of the IV
2) Investigator can’t control the effects of any EVs
3) Investigator can’t minimize the effects of random error

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19
Q

Name threats to internal validity

A

1) Maturation - changes within subjects over time
2) History - comes from out there
3) Testing
4) Instrumentation - tests themselves change in accuracy or sensitivity
5) Statistical Regression
6) Selection
7) Attrition
8) Interactions with Selection

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20
Q

___ validity is always limited by its ____ validity

A

external limited by internal

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21
Q

if you content there’s a causal relationship between variables in the context of the study, you _____ conclude that there’s a relationship for other people or circumstances

A

CANNOT

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22
Q

A high degree of internal validity _____ guarantee external validity

A

DOES NOT

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23
Q

the sd is the square root of the _____

A

variance

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24
Q

variance squared is the _____

A

sd

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25
Q

A threat to internal and external validity is _____, which is when participants react to an IV in a certain way because they know they’re being observed

A

reactivity

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26
Q

Three types of reactivity:

A

1) Evaluation Apprehension
2) Demand Characteristics
3) Experimenter Expectancy

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27
Q

When participants behave in a certain way to avoid negative evaluations

A

Evaluation apprehension

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28
Q

When the experimenter unintentionally provides subjects with cues about what’s expected

A

Experimenter expectancy

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29
Q

Cues in the experimental setting that inform subjects of the purpse of the study

A

Demand characteristics

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30
Q

A threat to internal and external validity occurs when is pretest sensitization which can be controlled by ether of the following two

A

1) Solomon 4 group design (pretest is considered an IV)

2) Don’t administer a pretest

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31
Q

____ interference can be controlled by using a counterbalanced design, which means all subjects receive the treatment in ____ order

A

Multiple treatment, different

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32
Q

Multiple treatment interference can have _____ or ____ effects

A

order, carryover

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33
Q

A type of counterbalanced design

A

Latin square

34
Q

Carryover and Order effects are common in _____ interference

A

Multiple treatment

35
Q

When marginal means are different, one can _____ conclude that there are ____ effects

A

tentatively, main

36
Q

A study can have _____ effects even if there is no ___ effect

A

interaction, main

37
Q

There can be an combination of interaction and main effects. T or F

A

T

38
Q

A set of data that uses ordinal, interval, or ratio scales can be organized using a frequency _______

A

polygon

39
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

Mean, Median, Mode

40
Q

If one score in a distribution is extremely high or low, the value of the ____ in not affected

A

median

41
Q

of the 3 measures of central tendency, the ___ is least susceptible to sampling fluctuations

A

mean

42
Q

the most susceptible to sampling fluctuations of the 3 measures of central tendency is the ____

A

mode

43
Q

What are the best measures of central tendency for the following scales of measurement:

1) Nominal
2) Ordinal
3) Interval
4) Ratio

A

1) Nominal - Mode
2) Ordinal - Mode or Median
3) Interval - Mode, Median, Mean
4) Ratio - Mode, Median, Mean

44
Q

These measures indicate the amount of heterogeneity or dispersion within a set of scores:

A

measures of variability

45
Q

Name 3 measures of variability

A

1) Range
2) Variance
3) Standard Deviation

46
Q

percentage of scores that fall between +/- 1 sd

A

68%

47
Q

percentage of scores that fall between +/- 2 sd

A

95%

48
Q

percentage of scores that fall between +/- 3 sd

A

99%

49
Q

the # of cases that fall within limits that are defined by the sd - these limits are referred to as

A

areas under the normal curve

50
Q

The central limit theorem states that the ____ mean is equal to the ____ mean and the sd of the sampling distribution is equal to the population sd divided by the ____ of the ____ size.

A

sample, population, square root of the sample size

51
Q

The smaller the ____ size the ___ the standard error of the mean

A

smaller, larger

52
Q

Formula for Variance

A

SS/N-1

53
Q

To calculate the SS, you

A

subtract each score from the mean, then sq each, then add them all

54
Q

S squared =

A

variance

55
Q

Formula for SD

A

Square root of SS/N-1

56
Q

The population mean is represented by a symbol that looks like __, while the sample mean looks like ___ or____

A

u

X or M

57
Q

The population standard deviation is represented by a symbol that looks like __, while the sample standard deviation looks like ___ or ___

A

o

S or SD

58
Q

The population variance is represented by a symbol that looks like __, while the sample variance looks like ___ or ___

A

o squared

S squared or V

59
Q

Formula for the Standard Error of the Mean

A

o/sq rt of N

60
Q

For there to be able to say there is an effect or the effects are probably due to IV variance and not due to error, you want your scores to fall within the ___ region and not the _____ region of a distribution

A

rejection, retention

61
Q

If a score is in the rejection region, the null hypothesis is

A

rejected

62
Q

The size of the rejection region is defined by

A

alpha

63
Q

a Type __ error, which is ____ a true null, is defined by Alpha

A

I, rejecting

64
Q

A Type __ error, which is ____ a false null, is defined by Beta

A

II, retaining

65
Q

Power, which is correctly ____ a false null, is defined by

A

rejecting, 1 - Beta

66
Q

Correctly retaining a ___ null is defined by ___

A

true, 1 - A

67
Q

Nonparametric tests are for ____ and _____ data

A

nominal and ordinal

68
Q

Parametric tests are for _____ and _____ data

A

interval and ratio

69
Q

When selecting which inferential statistic, you want to first consider which 2 factors?

A

1) Scale of measurement of data to be analyzed

2) Design of the study

70
Q

the nonparametric version of the one-way ANOVA is the

A

kruskal-wallis

71
Q

the nonparametric version of the t-test for independent samples is

A

mann-whitney U

72
Q

the nonparametric version of the t-test for correlated samples is the

A

wilcoxon matched-pairs test

73
Q

2 assumptions of parametric tests are that the value of interest is _______ in the population. When the study includes more than 1 group there is _______.

A

normally distributed, homoscedasticity

74
Q

the variances of the populations the different groups represent are equal is referred to as ______

A

homoscedasticity

75
Q

A violation of the parametric test assumptions, especially _______, increases the chance of which error or errors?

A

homoscedasticity, Type I and II

76
Q

Parametric tests are considered _____, which means that some deviation from a normal curve or homoscedasticity won’t invalidate results

A

robust

77
Q

Some ways to maximize robustness are to:

A

1) Equal number of subjects in each group
2) Set alpha at a lower level
3) Increase sample size

78
Q

Because nonparametric tests don’t rely on a normal distribution, they’re referred to as _____ free tests

A

distribution free

79
Q

______tests are used to evaluate the ___ of a distribution rather than its mean, variance, or other parameter

A

nonparametric, shape

80
Q

F-ratio =

A

MSB/MSW

mean squares between/mean sqaures within

81
Q

Effect size can be represented by

A

Cohen’s d

Eta squared

82
Q

A high correlation between 2 or more predictors is referred to as _________, and IS or IS NOT desirable..why?

A

multicollinearity, IS NOT - means it is difficult to tell which predictor leads to change

EPPP (20 decks)

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