Physiological Flashcards
the process of messages passing through a neuron’s dendrite and through the axon is called
conduction
whenever the stimulation received by a neuron exceeds a given threshold, the resulting action potential will ALWAYS be of the SAME INTENSITY….this is the _________ principle
all or nothing
in contrast to the electrical conduction within a neuron, the transmission of information from one nerve cell to another is called
synaptic transmission
An autoimmune disorder that attacks Ach that results in profound skeletal weakness
Myasthenia
Brain region associated to Tourette’s
caudate nucleus
Brain region associated to Parkinson’s
substantia nigra
Elevated levels of the neurotransmitter _______ contribute to schizophrenia, autism, anorexia
seratonin
This NT has an important role in learning and memory, and more importantly long-term potentiation
Glutamate
excessive levels of glutamate can lead to ______, which can lead to seizures and stroke-related brain damage
excitotoxicity
These NTs provide pain relief and have analgesic properties
endorphins
What are the Nervous Systems within the Peripheral Nervous System?
Somatic
Autonomic –> sympathetic/parasympathetic
The brain is made up of 3 main parts, called:
Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
Hindbrain consists of the
pons, medulla, cerebellum
Midbrain consists of the
Superior and Inferior Colliculi
Substantia Nigra
Reticular Formation/RAS
Forebrain consists of
Subcortical Structures and the Cerebral Cortex
What are the Subcortical Structures within the forebrain?
T - Thalamus H - Hypothalamus B - Basal Ganglia A - Amygdala H - Hippocampus
The ______ horns carry _____ messages, also known as ____ messages.
dorsal, sensory, afferent
The ______ horns carry _____ messages, also known as ____ messages.
ventral, motor, efferent
dorsal horns = _____ messages
afferent (sensory)
efferent (motor) messages = ______ horns
ventral
The spinal cord is broken into ___ segments that are broken into ___ groups. The groups are:
31 segments, 5 groups
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
Joe injures his spinal cord and some sensation and movement below the injury are maintained. This is an example of what kind of injury?
incompete injury
Joe injures his spinal cord and lacks sensation and motor functions below the injury. This is an example of what kind of injury?
complete injury
The meninges is made of the
Pia, Arachnoid, Dura
Obstruction of flow of CSF that leads to buildup of fluid in and enlargement of ventricles is called
hydrocephalus
the subarachnoid space is between which 2 parts of the meninge?
Pia and Arachnoid
The Peripheral NS consists of ____ pairs of cranial nerves that connect directly to the brain and ____ sets of sensory and motor nerves that connect with the spinal cord.
12 to the brain and 31 to the spinal cord
The development of the brain involves 5 main stages:
Proliferation - new cells produced within the embryo
Migration - cells travel to their final destinations
Differentiation - start developing dendrites and axons
Myelination - glial cells insulate neurons
Synaptogenesis - synapses are formed
Neurons come in large amounts initally but go through a pruning process for many years. This form of cell death is called
apoptosis
Name two structural neuroimaging techniques
Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
This techinque catches horizontal slices of brain tissue
CT
This technique provides images at any angle and gives 3 dimensional pictures but is expensive
MRI
Name three functional neuroimaging techniques
Positron-emission Tomography (PET)
Single Proton emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Technique in which person is injected with a radioactive tracer substance
PET
CT is useful for identifying
blood clots, tumors, and multiple sclerosis
A PET gives information on
cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, and oxgen consumption
SPECT is similar to ____ but has _____ resolution
PET, lower
fMRI provides information on brain activity but has better ____ and ___ resolution
temporal and spatial
What neuroimaging techinque would be useful in identifying, Alzheimer’s, Schizophrenia, or cerebrovascular disease?
PET
brain region that coordinates swallowing, coughing, sneezing
medulla
brain region for balance and posture
cerebellum
brain region for breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure
medulla
Damage to the _____, can produce ____, which involves slurred speech, severe tremors, and a loss of balance
cerebellum, ataxia
superior and inferior colliculi are routes for ____ and _____ information, respectively
visual, auditory
brain region involved in the reward system
substantia nigra
brain region for swallowing, REM sleep, arousal, wakefulness
reticular formation
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the _____ and mediates the ______ cycle. It is implicated in which disorder?
hypothalamus, sleep-wake cycle, seasonal affective disorder
3 FOREBRAIN structures and 1 MIDBRAIN structure that make up the basal ganglia
caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
substantia nigra
brain system involved in the mediation of emotion
Limbic system
which brain regions make up the limbic system?
Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Cingulate Cortex
reduced fear and aggression, increased docility, alteration in dietary habits, are indicative of lesions to which brain region? This pattern of behavior is referred to as?
Amygdala….Kluver-Bucy syndrome
brain region for converting short-term memories into long-term memories
hippocampus
brain region for attention, emotion, perception, and subjective experience of pain
cingulate cortex
How is vision processed, considering contralateral representation?
info from R visual field of each eye goes to L hemisphere and info from L visual field of each eye goes to R hemisphere
positive vs negative emotions, respectively, are processed in which brain hemisphere?
positive=left negative-right
emotional content of language is in which hemisphere
right
language related sounds is in which hemisphere
left
complex geometric patterns and facial recognition are in which hemisphere
right
verbal memory is in which hemisphere
left
spacial processing is in which hemisphere
right
holistic and intuition is in which hemisphere
right
letter and words are in which hemisphere
left
nonverbal memory is in which hemisphere
right
emotional content of language is in which hemisphere
right
analytical/logicl processes are in which hemisphere
left
Brain regions included in the frontal lobe
primary mortor cortex supplementary motor cortex premotor cortex Broca's area prefrontal cortex
damage to brain region results in loss of reflexes and loss of muscle tone
primary motor cortex
this brain region is involved in the planning nd control of movement
supplementary motor cortex
this brain region is involved in the execution of movement
primary motor cortex
this brain region is involved in the control of movement in response to external (sensory) stimuli
premotor cortex
Broca’s area is located in the ______ frontal region
inferior
different regions within the prefrontal cortex
dorsolateral area
orbitofrontal area
mediofrontal area
damage to the ______ area of the prefrontal cortex results in disinhibition syndrome, aka pseudopsychopathy
orbitofrontal
damage to the ______ area of the prefrontal cortex results in explosive aggressive outbursts, inappropriate jocularity/sexual behavior, lewd comments
mediofrontal
damage to the ________ area of the prefrontal cortex results in impaired judgment, planning, insight, and organizing
dorsolateral
pseudodepression, or, mesial frontal apathetic syndrome, is most related to which part of the prefrontal cortex
mediofrontal
the somatosensory cortex is located on the ____ lobe
parietal
The auditory cortex is located on the ____ lobe
temporal
damage to the ______ results in apraxia and agnosia which are
somatosensory cortex
apraxia=an inability to perform skilled motor movements
damage to which brain region could result in tactile, asomatognosia, and anosognosia? Desribe them.
- -somatosensory cortex
- -inability to recognize familiar objects by touch
- -failure to recognize one’s own body parts
- -inability to recognize one’s own neuro symptoms
alcalculia, agraphia, finger agnosia, are symptoms of which syndrome?
Gerstmann’s syndrome
Wernicke’s area is located in the ____ lobe
temporal
not being able to perceive objects despite intact visual acuity is called
apperceptive visual agnosia
inability to recognize an object as a result of impaired memory or inability to access relevant semantic knowledge is called
associative visual agnosia
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize familiar faces
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic theory
three types of colors receptors that are each receptive to a different primary color - blue, red, green
Hering’s Opponent Process theory
three types of bipolar receptors: red-green, yellow-blue, white-black
negative after images, seeing an image of an object in its complementary color after staring at it for a long time then looking at a neutral background supports which clor theory
Opponent Process
color blindness s usually caused by a gene on the __ chromosome
X
depth percption depends on two types of cues
monocular and binocular
binocular depth perception cues consist of:
convergence and retinal disparity
eyes turning inward as object gets closer and vice versa is
convergence
both of our eyes seeing things from different views is
retinal disparity
____ cues contribue to depth perception for objects at greater distances
monocular
The olfactory bulb signals first to the _______, then the ______, then the ______
olfactory cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala
what are the 4 cutaneous senses
pressure, warmth, cold, pain
pain percetion is affected by age, with older adults with chronic pain reporting _____ pain and ____ symptoms of depression
less pain, fewer symptoms
some coping strategies for pain management are ____ and ____, the latter of which shows most improvement in psych symptoms
passive, active
I can hear a color or see a taste…which condition best describes this?
synesthesia
the study of the relationship between physical stimulus magnitudes and corresponding psychological sensations is:
psychophysics
the minimum stimulus needed to produce a sensation
absolute threshold
the smallest increment in stimulus intensity to recognize the discrepancy between two stimuli
difference threshold aka just noticeable difference
According to this law, the more intense a stimulus, the greater the increase in stimulus intensity required to produce a just noticeable difference
Weber’s law
Accodring to this law, physical stimulus changes are logorithmically related to their psychological senstations
Fechner’s law
According to this law, senation is an exponential function of stimulus intensity
Steven’s Power law
brain region for consolidating long-term declarative memories
hippocampus
brain region in fear conditioning and adding emotional signifcance to memories
amygdala
brain region in episodic, prospective, constructive memory, and false recognition
prefrontal cortex
brain region in working memory
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
brain region in retrograde and anterograde amnesia, and confabulation
thalamus
3 brain regions involved in procedural and implicit memory
basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortex
2 neural mechanisms of memory include:
long-term potentiation
protein synthesis
Anomia
inability to name a common object
replacing words related in sound or meaning to the intended word
paraphasia
paraphasia is most relevant to which disorder
wernicke’s aphasia
broca’s anc wrnicke’s areas are connected by the ____. Damage to this structure can lead to _______.
arcuate fasiculus, conduction aphasia
If lesions are outside of broca’s and wernicke’s areas, the resulting issue is ______ aphasia
transcortical
if the damage isolates broca’s area, condition is called
transcortical motor aphasia
if the damage isolates wernicke’s area, condition is called
transcortical sensory aphasia
if both broca’s and wrnicke’s areas are affected, condition is
mixed transcortical aphasia
You’re scared because you’re shaking
james-lange
emotional and bodily reactions occur simultaneously
cannon-bard
subjective emotonal experience as the consequence of a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation
two-factor
which theory says that emotions are universal but there are differences in how emotion-arousing events are interpreted or appraised…who created this theory
cognitive-appraisal theory…Lazarus
____ appraisal is ones interprettions of the resources available to cope with stress
secondary
when necessairy, one modifies his primary or secondary appraisals
re-appraisal
____ appraisal referes to a person’s evaluation of an event as irrelevant, positive-benign, or stressful
primary
Who proposed the existence of a neural circuit that mediates the experiences and expression of emotion
Papez
who thought of the general adaptation synrome, which says that
Selye, people respond to all types of stress in the same manner
What are the 3 steps in the general adaptation syndrome:
1 - alarm reaction
2 - resistance
3 - exhaustion
if a genetic female is exposed to androgens too early, she will exhibit ____ syndrome, which is characterized by male reproductive organs without increased tendency for homosexuality
adrenogenital syndrome
term to described the notion that the human brain has sex-related differences in its physical appearance
sexual dimorphism
physical changes in puberty go through the ________ axis.
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadic-axis
as one goes up the phylogenetic scale, ___ hormones are less important while ____ and ____ are more important
sex hormones
learning and experience
most women experience menopause in
late 40s early 50s
what is used to reduce the negative effects of menopause….this techinque increases risk for
hormone replacement therapy
risk-blood clots, stroke, breast cancer
a nonpenetrating blow to the head is called a ______ and often include injury to the site of the blow (aka ____) and opposite site of the blow (aka ____).
closed head injury, coup, contrecoup
a collection of fluid around the damaged tissue
edema
this is the kind of injury when the skill is penetrated and usually does not cause LOC, is highly specific and has more localized damage
open head injury
What three factors are used to assess the extent of a TBI
Glasgow Coma Scale, duration of posttraumatic amnesia, and LOC
In TBI, retrograde amnesia is greater for ____ than ____ memories
recent > remote
when the most recent remote memories return first, this is referred to as
“shrinking retrograde amnesia”
A particular genetic factor linked to less favorable outcomes for TBI is the presence of allele ____ on the _____ gene.
e4….ApoE
a primary organic factor linked to postconcussional syndrome is
diffuse axonal injury
blockage of an artery by a blood clot
thrombosis
sudden blockage of an artery by material from another part of the bloodstream
embolism
bleeding in the brain is aka
hemorrhage
depressive symptoms occur ___% of the time after a stroke
40%
If one parent has Huntington’s, there’s a ___% chance the child will have it….if both parents have it the chances are ___%
50%…..75%
Huntington’s can be attributed to what NT in what brain region
glutamate excitotoxicity in the basal ganglia
motor symptoms in Parkinson’s, which occur in this brain region, can be alleviated by this drug
substantia nigra—-L dopa
brief and involve LOC without prominent motor SXs and no focal onset
petit mal aka absence seizures
muscles first contract and then there’s shaking of the limbs..no focal onset
tonic-clonic
begin on one side of the brain and affect one side of the body but can become generalized
partial seizure
partial seizures that involve/don’t involve LOC
No LOC-simple partial
LOC-complex partial
progressive, myelin around CNS degenerate…whats the disease
MS
brain region implicated with seizures that cause automatisms, sudden feeling of fer, sense of deja vu
temporal
brain region implicated with seizures that cause motor issues, olfactory hallucnations or illusions
frontal
brain region implicated with seizures that cause rapid eyeblinking, strange colors
occipital
brain region implicated with seizures that cause weird physical sensations opposite side of the body
parietal
a stroke in the _____ artery leads to memory loss, visual agnosia, corticol blindess
posterior cerebral artery
a stroke in the _____ artery leads to gait apraxia, apathy, depression, bowel/bladder issues
anterior cerebral artery
a stroke in the _____ artery leads to dysarthria, apraxia, sesory neglect and aphasia
middle cerebral artery
a stroke in the _____ artery leads to contralateral hemiplegia
anterior cerebral artery
a stroke in the _____ artery leads to contralateral hemiplegia and hemianesthesia
middle cerebral artery
a stroke in the _____ artery leads to contralateral homonymous hemianopia
posterior cerebral artery
____ hypertension is not due to a known medical cause
primary
____ hypertension is when blood pressure is related to a known disease
secondary
general muscles aches, tenderness, stiffness, fatigue
fibromyalgia
migraine headaches are usually limited to ____ side(s) of the head
one
starts with an aura - ____ migraine
classic
does not have an aura but may be signaled by gastrointestinal or other issues
common migraine
excruciating, usually burning, pain that occurs like 1+ day or 2-3 over 3 months
cluster headache
nonthrobbing pain, usually both sides of the head, at the back of the neck
tension headache
frontal sinuses may cause pain over the eyes, usually more severe in the morning and worsened by bending forward
sinus headache
______ produces hyperthyroidism aka ____ Disease, which is an elevation in ____
hyersecretion aka Graves …thyroxine
______ produces hypothyroidism, which is underproduction of ____
hyposecretion…thyroxine
the most vivid and elaborate dreams occur in which sleep stage?
REM
hyperinsulinism causes
hypoglycemia
hypoinsulinism causes
diabetes mellitus (type 2)
night terrors occur in which stage of sleep, which has which types of waves
stage 4 - delta waves
sleep-walking occurs in which stage of sleep, associated with what type of wave
stage 3- theta waves
Lucid dreaming occurs at which stage, which is which type of wave
stage 1, alpha waves
