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EPPP > Physiological > Flashcards

Physiological Flashcards

1
Q

the process of messages passing through a neuron’s dendrite and through the axon is called

A

conduction

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2
Q

whenever the stimulation received by a neuron exceeds a given threshold, the resulting action potential will ALWAYS be of the SAME INTENSITY….this is the _________ principle

A

all or nothing

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3
Q

in contrast to the electrical conduction within a neuron, the transmission of information from one nerve cell to another is called

A

synaptic transmission

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4
Q

An autoimmune disorder that attacks Ach that results in profound skeletal weakness

A

Myasthenia

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5
Q

Brain region associated to Tourette’s

A

caudate nucleus

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6
Q

Brain region associated to Parkinson’s

A

substantia nigra

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7
Q

Elevated levels of the neurotransmitter _______ contribute to schizophrenia, autism, anorexia

A

seratonin

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8
Q

This NT has an important role in learning and memory, and more importantly long-term potentiation

A

Glutamate

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9
Q

excessive levels of glutamate can lead to ______, which can lead to seizures and stroke-related brain damage

A

excitotoxicity

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10
Q

These NTs provide pain relief and have analgesic properties

A

endorphins

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11
Q

What are the Nervous Systems within the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Somatic

Autonomic –> sympathetic/parasympathetic

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12
Q

The brain is made up of 3 main parts, called:

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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13
Q

Hindbrain consists of the

A

pons, medulla, cerebellum

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14
Q

Midbrain consists of the

A

Superior and Inferior Colliculi
Substantia Nigra
Reticular Formation/RAS

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15
Q

Forebrain consists of

A

Subcortical Structures and the Cerebral Cortex

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16
Q

What are the Subcortical Structures within the forebrain?

A 
T - Thalamus
H - Hypothalamus
B - Basal Ganglia
A - Amygdala
H - Hippocampus
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17
Q

The ______ horns carry _____ messages, also known as ____ messages.

A

dorsal, sensory, afferent

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18
Q

The ______ horns carry _____ messages, also known as ____ messages.

A

ventral, motor, efferent

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19
Q

dorsal horns = _____ messages

A

afferent (sensory)

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20
Q

efferent (motor) messages = ______ horns

A

ventral

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21
Q

The spinal cord is broken into ___ segments that are broken into ___ groups. The groups are:

A

31 segments, 5 groups

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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22
Q

Joe injures his spinal cord and some sensation and movement below the injury are maintained. This is an example of what kind of injury?

A

incompete injury

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23
Q

Joe injures his spinal cord and lacks sensation and motor functions below the injury. This is an example of what kind of injury?

A

complete injury

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24
Q

The meninges is made of the

A

Pia, Arachnoid, Dura

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25
Q

Obstruction of flow of CSF that leads to buildup of fluid in and enlargement of ventricles is called

A

hydrocephalus

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26
Q

the subarachnoid space is between which 2 parts of the meninge?

A

Pia and Arachnoid

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27
Q

The Peripheral NS consists of ____ pairs of cranial nerves that connect directly to the brain and ____ sets of sensory and motor nerves that connect with the spinal cord.

A

12 to the brain and 31 to the spinal cord

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28
Q

The development of the brain involves 5 main stages:

A

Proliferation - new cells produced within the embryo
Migration - cells travel to their final destinations
Differentiation - start developing dendrites and axons
Myelination - glial cells insulate neurons
Synaptogenesis - synapses are formed

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29
Q

Neurons come in large amounts initally but go through a pruning process for many years. This form of cell death is called

A

apoptosis

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30
Q

Name two structural neuroimaging techniques

A 
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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31
Q

This techinque catches horizontal slices of brain tissue

A

CT

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32
Q

This technique provides images at any angle and gives 3 dimensional pictures but is expensive

A

MRI

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33
Q

Name three functional neuroimaging techniques

A

Positron-emission Tomography (PET)
Single Proton emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

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34
Q

Technique in which person is injected with a radioactive tracer substance

A

PET

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35
Q

CT is useful for identifying

A

blood clots, tumors, and multiple sclerosis

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36
Q

A PET gives information on

A

cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, and oxgen consumption

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37
Q

SPECT is similar to ____ but has _____ resolution

A

PET, lower

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38
Q

fMRI provides information on brain activity but has better ____ and ___ resolution

A

temporal and spatial

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39
Q

What neuroimaging techinque would be useful in identifying, Alzheimer’s, Schizophrenia, or cerebrovascular disease?

A

PET

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40
Q

brain region that coordinates swallowing, coughing, sneezing

A

medulla

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41
Q

brain region for balance and posture

A

cerebellum

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42
Q

brain region for breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure

A

medulla

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43
Q

Damage to the _____, can produce ____, which involves slurred speech, severe tremors, and a loss of balance

A

cerebellum, ataxia

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44
Q

superior and inferior colliculi are routes for ____ and _____ information, respectively

A

visual, auditory

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45
Q

brain region involved in the reward system

A

substantia nigra

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46
Q

brain region for swallowing, REM sleep, arousal, wakefulness

A

reticular formation

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47
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the _____ and mediates the ______ cycle. It is implicated in which disorder?

A

hypothalamus, sleep-wake cycle, seasonal affective disorder

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48
Q

3 FOREBRAIN structures and 1 MIDBRAIN structure that make up the basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

substantia nigra

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49
Q

brain system involved in the mediation of emotion

A

Limbic system

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50
Q

which brain regions make up the limbic system?

A

Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Cingulate Cortex

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51
Q

reduced fear and aggression, increased docility, alteration in dietary habits, are indicative of lesions to which brain region? This pattern of behavior is referred to as?

A

Amygdala….Kluver-Bucy syndrome

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52
Q

brain region for converting short-term memories into long-term memories

A

hippocampus

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53
Q

brain region for attention, emotion, perception, and subjective experience of pain

A

cingulate cortex

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54
Q

How is vision processed, considering contralateral representation?

A

info from R visual field of each eye goes to L hemisphere and info from L visual field of each eye goes to R hemisphere

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55
Q

positive vs negative emotions, respectively, are processed in which brain hemisphere?

A

positive=left negative-right

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56
Q

emotional content of language is in which hemisphere

A

right

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57
Q

language related sounds is in which hemisphere

A

left

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58
Q

complex geometric patterns and facial recognition are in which hemisphere

A

right

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59
Q

verbal memory is in which hemisphere

A

left

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60
Q

spacial processing is in which hemisphere

A

right

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61
Q

holistic and intuition is in which hemisphere

A

right

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62
Q

letter and words are in which hemisphere

A

left

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63
Q

nonverbal memory is in which hemisphere

A

right

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64
Q

emotional content of language is in which hemisphere

A

right

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65
Q

analytical/logicl processes are in which hemisphere

A

left

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66
Q

Brain regions included in the frontal lobe

A 
primary mortor cortex
supplementary motor cortex
premotor cortex
Broca's area
prefrontal cortex
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67
Q

damage to brain region results in loss of reflexes and loss of muscle tone

A

primary motor cortex

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68
Q

this brain region is involved in the planning nd control of movement

A

supplementary motor cortex

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69
Q

this brain region is involved in the execution of movement

A

primary motor cortex

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70
Q

this brain region is involved in the control of movement in response to external (sensory) stimuli

A

premotor cortex

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71
Q

Broca’s area is located in the ______ frontal region

A

inferior

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72
Q

different regions within the prefrontal cortex

A

dorsolateral area
orbitofrontal area
mediofrontal area

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73
Q

damage to the ______ area of the prefrontal cortex results in disinhibition syndrome, aka pseudopsychopathy

A

orbitofrontal

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74
Q

damage to the ______ area of the prefrontal cortex results in explosive aggressive outbursts, inappropriate jocularity/sexual behavior, lewd comments

A

mediofrontal

75
Q

damage to the ________ area of the prefrontal cortex results in impaired judgment, planning, insight, and organizing

A

dorsolateral

76
Q

pseudodepression, or, mesial frontal apathetic syndrome, is most related to which part of the prefrontal cortex

A

mediofrontal

77
Q

the somatosensory cortex is located on the ____ lobe

A

parietal

78
Q

The auditory cortex is located on the ____ lobe

A

temporal

79
Q

damage to the ______ results in apraxia and agnosia which are

A

somatosensory cortex

apraxia=an inability to perform skilled motor movements

80
Q

damage to which brain region could result in tactile, asomatognosia, and anosognosia? Desribe them.

A
  • -somatosensory cortex
  • -inability to recognize familiar objects by touch
  • -failure to recognize one’s own body parts
  • -inability to recognize one’s own neuro symptoms
81
Q

alcalculia, agraphia, finger agnosia, are symptoms of which syndrome?

A

Gerstmann’s syndrome

82
Q

Wernicke’s area is located in the ____ lobe

A

temporal

83
Q

not being able to perceive objects despite intact visual acuity is called

A

apperceptive visual agnosia

84
Q

inability to recognize an object as a result of impaired memory or inability to access relevant semantic knowledge is called

A

associative visual agnosia

85
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize familiar faces

86
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic theory

A

three types of colors receptors that are each receptive to a different primary color - blue, red, green

87
Q

Hering’s Opponent Process theory

A

three types of bipolar receptors: red-green, yellow-blue, white-black

88
Q

negative after images, seeing an image of an object in its complementary color after staring at it for a long time then looking at a neutral background supports which clor theory

A

Opponent Process

89
Q

color blindness s usually caused by a gene on the __ chromosome

A

X

90
Q

depth percption depends on two types of cues

A

monocular and binocular

91
Q

binocular depth perception cues consist of:

A

convergence and retinal disparity

92
Q

eyes turning inward as object gets closer and vice versa is

A

convergence

93
Q

both of our eyes seeing things from different views is

A

retinal disparity

94
Q

____ cues contribue to depth perception for objects at greater distances

A

monocular

95
Q

The olfactory bulb signals first to the _______, then the ______, then the ______

A

olfactory cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala

96
Q

what are the 4 cutaneous senses

A

pressure, warmth, cold, pain

97
Q

pain percetion is affected by age, with older adults with chronic pain reporting _____ pain and ____ symptoms of depression

A

less pain, fewer symptoms

98
Q

some coping strategies for pain management are ____ and ____, the latter of which shows most improvement in psych symptoms

A

passive, active

99
Q

I can hear a color or see a taste…which condition best describes this?

A

synesthesia

100
Q

the study of the relationship between physical stimulus magnitudes and corresponding psychological sensations is:

A

psychophysics

101
Q

the minimum stimulus needed to produce a sensation

A

absolute threshold

102
Q

the smallest increment in stimulus intensity to recognize the discrepancy between two stimuli

A

difference threshold aka just noticeable difference

103
Q

According to this law, the more intense a stimulus, the greater the increase in stimulus intensity required to produce a just noticeable difference

A

Weber’s law

104
Q

Accodring to this law, physical stimulus changes are logorithmically related to their psychological senstations

A

Fechner’s law

105
Q

According to this law, senation is an exponential function of stimulus intensity

A

Steven’s Power law

106
Q

brain region for consolidating long-term declarative memories

A

hippocampus

107
Q

brain region in fear conditioning and adding emotional signifcance to memories

A

amygdala

108
Q

brain region in episodic, prospective, constructive memory, and false recognition

A

prefrontal cortex

109
Q

brain region in working memory

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

110
Q

brain region in retrograde and anterograde amnesia, and confabulation

A

thalamus

111
Q

3 brain regions involved in procedural and implicit memory

A

basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortex

112
Q

2 neural mechanisms of memory include:

A

long-term potentiation

protein synthesis

113
Q

Anomia

A

inability to name a common object

114
Q

replacing words related in sound or meaning to the intended word

A

paraphasia

115
Q

paraphasia is most relevant to which disorder

A

wernicke’s aphasia

116
Q

broca’s anc wrnicke’s areas are connected by the ____. Damage to this structure can lead to _______.

A

arcuate fasiculus, conduction aphasia

117
Q

If lesions are outside of broca’s and wernicke’s areas, the resulting issue is ______ aphasia

A

transcortical

118
Q

if the damage isolates broca’s area, condition is called

A

transcortical motor aphasia

119
Q

if the damage isolates wernicke’s area, condition is called

A

transcortical sensory aphasia

120
Q

if both broca’s and wrnicke’s areas are affected, condition is

A

mixed transcortical aphasia

121
Q

You’re scared because you’re shaking

A

james-lange

122
Q

emotional and bodily reactions occur simultaneously

A

cannon-bard

123
Q

subjective emotonal experience as the consequence of a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation

A

two-factor

124
Q

which theory says that emotions are universal but there are differences in how emotion-arousing events are interpreted or appraised…who created this theory

A

cognitive-appraisal theory…Lazarus

125
Q

____ appraisal is ones interprettions of the resources available to cope with stress

A

secondary

126
Q

when necessairy, one modifies his primary or secondary appraisals

A

re-appraisal

127
Q

____ appraisal referes to a person’s evaluation of an event as irrelevant, positive-benign, or stressful

A

primary

128
Q

Who proposed the existence of a neural circuit that mediates the experiences and expression of emotion

A

Papez

129
Q

who thought of the general adaptation synrome, which says that

A

Selye, people respond to all types of stress in the same manner

130
Q

What are the 3 steps in the general adaptation syndrome:

A

1 - alarm reaction
2 - resistance
3 - exhaustion

131
Q

if a genetic female is exposed to androgens too early, she will exhibit ____ syndrome, which is characterized by male reproductive organs without increased tendency for homosexuality

A

adrenogenital syndrome

132
Q

term to described the notion that the human brain has sex-related differences in its physical appearance

A

sexual dimorphism

133
Q

physical changes in puberty go through the ________ axis.

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadic-axis

134
Q

as one goes up the phylogenetic scale, ___ hormones are less important while ____ and ____ are more important

A

sex hormones

learning and experience

135
Q

most women experience menopause in

A

late 40s early 50s

136
Q

what is used to reduce the negative effects of menopause….this techinque increases risk for

A

hormone replacement therapy

risk-blood clots, stroke, breast cancer

137
Q

a nonpenetrating blow to the head is called a ______ and often include injury to the site of the blow (aka ____) and opposite site of the blow (aka ____).

A

closed head injury, coup, contrecoup

138
Q

a collection of fluid around the damaged tissue

A

edema

139
Q

this is the kind of injury when the skill is penetrated and usually does not cause LOC, is highly specific and has more localized damage

A

open head injury

140
Q

What three factors are used to assess the extent of a TBI

A

Glasgow Coma Scale, duration of posttraumatic amnesia, and LOC

141
Q

In TBI, retrograde amnesia is greater for ____ than ____ memories

A

recent > remote

142
Q

when the most recent remote memories return first, this is referred to as

A

“shrinking retrograde amnesia”

143
Q

A particular genetic factor linked to less favorable outcomes for TBI is the presence of allele ____ on the _____ gene.

A

e4….ApoE

144
Q

a primary organic factor linked to postconcussional syndrome is

A

diffuse axonal injury

145
Q

blockage of an artery by a blood clot

A

thrombosis

146
Q

sudden blockage of an artery by material from another part of the bloodstream

A

embolism

147
Q

bleeding in the brain is aka

A

hemorrhage

148
Q

depressive symptoms occur ___% of the time after a stroke

A

40%

149
Q

If one parent has Huntington’s, there’s a ___% chance the child will have it….if both parents have it the chances are ___%

A

50%…..75%

150
Q

Huntington’s can be attributed to what NT in what brain region

A

glutamate excitotoxicity in the basal ganglia

151
Q

motor symptoms in Parkinson’s, which occur in this brain region, can be alleviated by this drug

A

substantia nigra—-L dopa

152
Q

brief and involve LOC without prominent motor SXs and no focal onset

A

petit mal aka absence seizures

153
Q

muscles first contract and then there’s shaking of the limbs..no focal onset

A

tonic-clonic

154
Q

begin on one side of the brain and affect one side of the body but can become generalized

A

partial seizure

155
Q

partial seizures that involve/don’t involve LOC

A

No LOC-simple partial

LOC-complex partial

156
Q

progressive, myelin around CNS degenerate…whats the disease

A

MS

157
Q

brain region implicated with seizures that cause automatisms, sudden feeling of fer, sense of deja vu

A

temporal

158
Q

brain region implicated with seizures that cause motor issues, olfactory hallucnations or illusions

A

frontal

159
Q

brain region implicated with seizures that cause rapid eyeblinking, strange colors

A

occipital

160
Q

brain region implicated with seizures that cause weird physical sensations opposite side of the body

A

parietal

161
Q

a stroke in the _____ artery leads to memory loss, visual agnosia, corticol blindess

A

posterior cerebral artery

162
Q

a stroke in the _____ artery leads to gait apraxia, apathy, depression, bowel/bladder issues

A

anterior cerebral artery

163
Q

a stroke in the _____ artery leads to dysarthria, apraxia, sesory neglect and aphasia

A

middle cerebral artery

164
Q

a stroke in the _____ artery leads to contralateral hemiplegia

A

anterior cerebral artery

165
Q

a stroke in the _____ artery leads to contralateral hemiplegia and hemianesthesia

A

middle cerebral artery

166
Q

a stroke in the _____ artery leads to contralateral homonymous hemianopia

A

posterior cerebral artery

167
Q

____ hypertension is not due to a known medical cause

A

primary

168
Q

____ hypertension is when blood pressure is related to a known disease

A

secondary

169
Q

general muscles aches, tenderness, stiffness, fatigue

A

fibromyalgia

170
Q

migraine headaches are usually limited to ____ side(s) of the head

A

one

171
Q

starts with an aura - ____ migraine

A

classic

172
Q

does not have an aura but may be signaled by gastrointestinal or other issues

A

common migraine

173
Q

excruciating, usually burning, pain that occurs like 1+ day or 2-3 over 3 months

A

cluster headache

174
Q

nonthrobbing pain, usually both sides of the head, at the back of the neck

A

tension headache

175
Q

frontal sinuses may cause pain over the eyes, usually more severe in the morning and worsened by bending forward

A

sinus headache

176
Q

______ produces hyperthyroidism aka ____ Disease, which is an elevation in ____

A

hyersecretion aka Graves …thyroxine

177
Q

______ produces hypothyroidism, which is underproduction of ____

A

hyposecretion…thyroxine

178
Q

the most vivid and elaborate dreams occur in which sleep stage?

A

REM

179
Q

hyperinsulinism causes

A

hypoglycemia

180
Q

hypoinsulinism causes

A

diabetes mellitus (type 2)

181
Q

night terrors occur in which stage of sleep, which has which types of waves

A

stage 4 - delta waves

182
Q

sleep-walking occurs in which stage of sleep, associated with what type of wave

A

stage 3- theta waves

183
Q

Lucid dreaming occurs at which stage, which is which type of wave

A

stage 1, alpha waves

EPPP (20 decks)

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