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Abnormal Flashcards

1
Q

Deep dyslexia vs surface dyslexia

A

Deep - semantic errors - mistakenly reads a word as another with a similar meaning (“Couch” instead of “Chair”)

Surface - word recognition errors - sounds them out. Irregular words are often mispronounced (“Come”…sounds different from but similar spelling to “home”)

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2
Q

Most diagnoses use monothetic OR polythetic criteria

A

polythetic

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3
Q

What is polythetic criteria?

A

You need a subset of Symptom for the dx

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4
Q

In intellectual disability, deficits are how many SDs below the mean?

A

2

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5
Q

lack of age-appropriate interest, lack of eye contact during feeding, and less responsiveness to voice are early signs of

A

intellectual disability

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6
Q

In ADHD onsets before age 12, how many symptoms are needed

In ADHD onsets at age 17 or older, how many symptoms are needed

How long do the symptoms need to be present?

A

before 12 = 6 symptoms

at or after 17 = 5 symptoms

6 months

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7
Q

What % of children with ADHD have it as adolescents and as adults

As adults, usually, it’s inattentive, hyper, or both types?

A

65-80 as adolescents

15% as adults, inattentive

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8
Q

Childhood-onset fluency disorder aka stuttering usually begins between the ages of ______, with the severity at age ____ being a good predictor of prognosis.

A

2 and 7

8

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9
Q

What can be used to treat stuttering?

A

Habit rehearsal training

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10
Q

What does habit rehearsal training include?

A

relaxation, awareness, motivation, generalization training, and competing response

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11
Q

What can be a competing response in the treatment of stuttering?

A

regulated breathing - stop speaking when stuttering is anticipated

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12
Q

The prognosis for Autism SD is generally

A

poor

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13
Q

Abnormalities in social orienting and responsivity apparent by age 12 are earliest signs of

A

ASD

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14
Q

Shaping and discrimination training are treatments for

A

ASD

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15
Q

The prevalence of ADHD in most cultures is __ % for children and ___ % for adults

A

5%, 2.5%

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16
Q

Regarding gender, ADHD is more prevalent in
Regarding gender and subtype of ADHD the _____ subtype is more prevalent in males while the ______ is more prevalent in females

A

males

Combined, inattentive

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17
Q

ADHD is due to an inability to regulate behavior to fit situatonal demands. What’s this called?

Another theory says that it’s due to problems inhibiting _____ to ______ stimuli

A

Behavioral Disinhibition Hypothesis

attention, nonrelevant

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18
Q

ADHD is usually treated with ____, one in particular being______, which are found to be effective in ___ % of cases

A

stimulants, methylphenidate (ritalin)

75%

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19
Q

Difficulties in academic skills for 6 months despite provisions targetin those difficulties means the most likely dx is

A

Specific learning disorder

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20
Q

People with a SLD have an IQ in the ___ to___ range

They have lower or higher rates of other problems?

A

averge to above-average

higher

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21
Q

The most frequent commorbid disorder of SLD is ADHD, with a percentage of

It is more comman in ____ than ____, with a ratio of

A

20-30%

males > females

2:1 - 3:!

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22
Q

Eye blinking, facial grimacing, gestures, jumping, smelling objects, and echokinesis (imitating someone’s movements) are examples of

A

Motor tics

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23
Q

grunting, snorting, barking, echolalia, coprolalia (repeating socially undesirable words) are examples of

A

Vocal tics

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24
Q

Tourette’s Disorder includes the presence of at least ___ vocal tic and _____ motor tics for more than ____ year(s)?

Symptoms began prior to age?

A

1 vocal, multiple vocal, more than 1 year

18

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25
Q

What is a common comorbid disorder with Tourette’s?

A

OCD

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26
Q

NTs and brain regions and tourette’s

A

dopamine and caudate nucleus

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27
Q

Which meds are often used to treat tourette’s?

A

haloperidol and pimozide (both antipsychotics)

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28
Q

Behavioral treatment for tourette’s

A

Comprehensive behavioral tx for tics (CBIT)

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29
Q

Children between the ages of ___ and ___ have the most negative reaction to hospitalization

A

1 and 4

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30
Q

What intervention has been useful in alleviating stress in children before medical procedures?

A

Stress Innoculation Training

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31
Q

How many active phase symptoms need to be present in schizophrenia and for how long?

Of these active symptoms, 1 has to be either of which 3?

A

2 active symptoms symptoms for 6 months

1 has to be delusion, hallucination, disorganized speech

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32
Q

In schizophrenia, a substance use disorder is a common co-diagnosis, especially

A

Tobacco Use Disorder

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33
Q

Research suggests African Americans are misdiagnosed with schizoohrenia because they ….

A

Are more likely to hallucinate and have delusions when depressed

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34
Q

Schizophrenia studies in non-western developing countries show that patients have an ___ onset of symptoms, a ____ clinical course, and a ____ remission of symptoms.

A

Acute, shorter, complete

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35
Q 
Concordance rates for schizophrenia
Biological sibling
Fraternal twin
Identical twin
Child of 2 parents with schizophrenia
General population
A 
Bio sib - 10%
Fraternal - 17
Identical - 48
child of 2 parents - 46
Gen pop - 1
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36
Q

Length of schizophreniform

A

1 month but less than 6 months

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37
Q

Length of Brief Psychotic Disorder

A

1 day but less than 1 month

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38
Q

Bipolar 1 - how many symptoms and for how long

A

3 symptoms for at least 1 week

39
Q

Lifetime risk for completed suicide in Bipolar 1 is about

A

15 times the risk for the general population

40
Q

Average age for the first episode of Bipolar 1 is ___ and at least ___% experience additional episodes.

A

18, 90%

41
Q

If lithium doesn’t work ______ drugs may be helpful

Antidepressants may trigger a ____ epsiode, with ___ having a greater risk than SSRIs

A

anti-seizure (anti-convulsant)

manic

TCAs

42
Q

Bipolar 2 requires how many symptoms and for how long and must/must not cause signifcant impairment?

A

3 symptoms, 4 days, not severe enough to cause impairment

43
Q

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder requires temper outbursts and irritable mood for at least ____ months, exhibited in how many settings?

The dx cannot be assigned for the first time before age ___ or after age ___, and the onset must be before age ____.

A

12 months, 2/3 settings

6, 18, 10

44
Q

How many symptoms must be present in MDD, with one being which of the following three…?

A

5, depressed mood, loss of interest, loss of pleasure

45
Q

What percentage of women experience peripartum onset of depression, whicle which percentage develops psychosis? Which percentage experince the regular “baby blues” thus must be carefully evaluated and not overpathologized.

A

10-20%

.1 - .2%

80%

46
Q

The 12 month prevalence rates for depression varies with age and is especially higher in ages ____compared to those ____ or older.

Prior to puberty, rates are ____ between males and females. The rate for females is ____ than the rate for males during ______.

A

18-30, 60 or older

the same, higher in females in adolescense

47
Q

Subsequant depressive episodes are related to _______, rather than ______

A

previous episodes, stressors

48
Q

peak age of onset of a MD episode is

A

mid 20s

49
Q

Which brain regions are implicated in ADHD

A

frontal lobe and basal ganglia

50
Q

What is the name for “made up words” in a psychotic presentation.

A

neologisms

51
Q

Delusional disoder requires _____ delusion(s) for how long and behavior is/is not bizarre or odd

A

1, one month or longer, behavior is not bizarre

52
Q

What are the 2 NTs most implicated in depression and what are their respective hypotheses?

A

low norepinephrine - catecholamine

low seratonin - indolamine

53
Q

too much melatonin can lead to

A

depression

54
Q

_____ is a better predictor of suicide than is severity of depression

A

hopelessness

55
Q

Amont 15-34 year olds, what culture has the highest suicide rate? How many times higher?

A

Native Americans…2.5

56
Q

In preadolescents and adolecscents, OCD is more common in _____ but not as adults.

A

boys

57
Q

In somatic symptom disorder, need how many symtoms for how long

A

1 for 6 months

58
Q

Somatic Sx Disorder vs Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

Somatic - have a symptom

Illness - worried about getting many Sxs

59
Q

Primary sexal dysfuntion vs secondary

A

primary - lifelong issues

secondary - used to function well

60
Q

Lengh of time of symptoms in paraphilic dxs

Most are men or women and identify as heterosexual or homosexual? Which is the only one you have to 18 for dx?

A

6 months

Men - heterosexual - voyeuristic

61
Q

Those with mild neurocognitive disorder can engage in _____ strategies and their symptoms do/do not interfere with daily life

A

compensatory, do not

62
Q

emphaize accomplishments, cooperative, declarative memory worse than procedural, symptoms are more progressive - these are reflective of?

emphasize failures, exacerbate symptoms, onset of symptoms more abrupt (about 2 weeks), greater impairment in procedural memory - these are reflective of?

A

Major Neurocognitive Disoder

Peudodementia

63
Q

vascular etiollogy, cerebrovascular disease, stepwise decline, hypertension - indicative of

forgetfulness (anterograde amnesia), confusion, clumsiness, weakness, then depresson and tremor

A

vascular neurocognitive disorder

Neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection

64
Q

Involves a gradual onset of Sxs, and a slow and progressive decline in functioning

A

Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer’s Disease

65
Q

Stages in Alzheimer’s:

A

Stage 1 - (1-3 years) - anterograde amnesia in declarative memory isues, indifferne, irritability, sadness, anomia (familiar objects)

Stage 2 - (2-10 years) - increasing retrograde amnesia, agitation, delusion, ideomotor apraxia (translating thought into movement, flat/labile mood

Stage 3 - (8-12 years) - severely impaired intellectual functioning, apathy, limb rigidity, urinary/fecal incontinence

66
Q

Which parts of the medial temporal lobes are implicated in Alzheimer’s

A

Entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala

67
Q

Alzheimer’s is linked to heredity and low levels of ___, as well as neuritic _____ and neurofibrillary ____

A

ACh, plaques, tangles

68
Q

Personality disorders are only diagnosed before age 18 if symptoms have existed….

A

longer than 1 year

69
Q

What is the only PD more commonly found in women?

What is the gender ratio for Histrionic PD?

A

Borderline

Histrionic 50/50

70
Q

depression in mono- vs dizygotic twins

A

mono - .50 and di - .20

71
Q

Classic symptoms of depression, such as vegetative states, worsening of Sxs in the morning, acute onset with short duration, are best treated by which class of meds?

A

TCAs

72
Q

Atypical Sxs of depression, such as anxiety, hypersomnia, hyperphagia, interpersonal sensitivity, are best treated by which class of meds?

A

MAOIs

73
Q

Moderate to severe depression is best treated by which class of meds, which has fewere side effects and a lower risk for fatal overdose than TCAs?

A

SSRIs

74
Q

In treating depression, combining CBT and meds is better than either tx alone..T or F?

Which one is best for preventing relapse?

A

True

CBT

75
Q

How do you minimze the undesirable effects of electroconvulsive therapy for the tx of depression?

A

administer ECT unilaterally to the right (nondominant) hemisphere

76
Q

what percentage of people who commit suicide have a mood disorder at time of death?

A

60%

77
Q

__ times as many males as females commit suicide

A

4

78
Q

For most age groups, suicide rates are highest for which race?

A

Whites

79
Q

What percentage of those who commit suicide, have at least one previous attempt? What percent give a definite warning about their intention?

A

60-80…….80

80
Q

When suicide is associated with depression, it is most likely to occur within ____ months after depressive symptoms ____.

A

3 months…improve

81
Q

How many symptoms in separation anxiety disorder? How long should they be present for children and adults?

A

3…children = 4 weeks….adults = 6 months

82
Q

the onset of separation anxiety disorder during adolescence has a ___ prognosis

A

poor

83
Q

Mower’s Two-factor theory

A

explains anxiety via classical conditioning and operant conditioning

84
Q

How many symptoms in a panic attack? How many panic attacks must occur, followed by what length of time worrying about additional attacks occurring or change in behavior?

A

4 symptoms…1 panic attack followed by one month

85
Q

In Agoraphobia, there’s fear about how many situations and lasts for how long?

A

2 situations…6 months

86
Q

Over ____ % of people with GAD have another diagnosis

A

50%

87
Q

What is the most likely dx for someone with disturbances in motor/sensory functioning without evidence to support the symptoms and neurological/medical condition?

A

Conversion disorder

88
Q

What is the most likely dx with someone who persistently eats non-nutritive, non-food substances?
Can it occur at any age?
How long must it last?

A

Pica..yes any any age for one month

89
Q

Regarding gender, over ___% of people with anorexia are?

A

90%

90
Q

The first priority in treating anorexia is getting the person to ____ _____.

A

Gain weight

91
Q

Someone with bulimia must engage in binge eating and compensatory strategies at least ____ a week for ___ months for the dx.

A

once a week for 3 months

92
Q

Enuresis is? How frequently and for how long?

Encopresis? How frequently and for how long?

A

Enuresis - voiding of urine -twice a week for 3+ months

Encopresis - involuntary/intentional passage of feces - once a moth for at least 3 months

93
Q

Moffit distinguishes between 2 types of conduct disorder

A

1) Life-course persistent

2) Adolescense-limited

94
Q

What did Marlot and Goron say about addiction?

A

They are overlearned, maladaptive habit patterns.

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