Abnormal Flashcards
Deep dyslexia vs surface dyslexia
Deep - semantic errors - mistakenly reads a word as another with a similar meaning (“Couch” instead of “Chair”)
Surface - word recognition errors - sounds them out. Irregular words are often mispronounced (“Come”…sounds different from but similar spelling to “home”)
Most diagnoses use monothetic OR polythetic criteria
polythetic
What is polythetic criteria?
You need a subset of Symptom for the dx
In intellectual disability, deficits are how many SDs below the mean?
2
lack of age-appropriate interest, lack of eye contact during feeding, and less responsiveness to voice are early signs of
intellectual disability
In ADHD onsets before age 12, how many symptoms are needed
In ADHD onsets at age 17 or older, how many symptoms are needed
How long do the symptoms need to be present?
before 12 = 6 symptoms
at or after 17 = 5 symptoms
6 months
What % of children with ADHD have it as adolescents and as adults
As adults, usually, it’s inattentive, hyper, or both types?
65-80 as adolescents
15% as adults, inattentive
Childhood-onset fluency disorder aka stuttering usually begins between the ages of ______, with the severity at age ____ being a good predictor of prognosis.
2 and 7
8
What can be used to treat stuttering?
Habit rehearsal training
What does habit rehearsal training include?
relaxation, awareness, motivation, generalization training, and competing response
What can be a competing response in the treatment of stuttering?
regulated breathing - stop speaking when stuttering is anticipated
The prognosis for Autism SD is generally
poor
Abnormalities in social orienting and responsivity apparent by age 12 are earliest signs of
ASD
Shaping and discrimination training are treatments for
ASD
The prevalence of ADHD in most cultures is __ % for children and ___ % for adults
5%, 2.5%
Regarding gender, ADHD is more prevalent in
Regarding gender and subtype of ADHD the _____ subtype is more prevalent in males while the ______ is more prevalent in females
males
Combined, inattentive
ADHD is due to an inability to regulate behavior to fit situatonal demands. What’s this called?
Another theory says that it’s due to problems inhibiting _____ to ______ stimuli
Behavioral Disinhibition Hypothesis
attention, nonrelevant
ADHD is usually treated with ____, one in particular being______, which are found to be effective in ___ % of cases
stimulants, methylphenidate (ritalin)
75%
Difficulties in academic skills for 6 months despite provisions targetin those difficulties means the most likely dx is
Specific learning disorder
People with a SLD have an IQ in the ___ to___ range
They have lower or higher rates of other problems?
averge to above-average
higher
The most frequent commorbid disorder of SLD is ADHD, with a percentage of
It is more comman in ____ than ____, with a ratio of
20-30%
males > females
2:1 - 3:!
Eye blinking, facial grimacing, gestures, jumping, smelling objects, and echokinesis (imitating someone’s movements) are examples of
Motor tics
grunting, snorting, barking, echolalia, coprolalia (repeating socially undesirable words) are examples of
Vocal tics
Tourette’s Disorder includes the presence of at least ___ vocal tic and _____ motor tics for more than ____ year(s)?
Symptoms began prior to age?
1 vocal, multiple vocal, more than 1 year
18
What is a common comorbid disorder with Tourette’s?
OCD
NTs and brain regions and tourette’s
dopamine and caudate nucleus
Which meds are often used to treat tourette’s?
haloperidol and pimozide (both antipsychotics)
Behavioral treatment for tourette’s
Comprehensive behavioral tx for tics (CBIT)
Children between the ages of ___ and ___ have the most negative reaction to hospitalization
1 and 4
What intervention has been useful in alleviating stress in children before medical procedures?
Stress Innoculation Training
How many active phase symptoms need to be present in schizophrenia and for how long?
Of these active symptoms, 1 has to be either of which 3?
2 active symptoms symptoms for 6 months
1 has to be delusion, hallucination, disorganized speech
In schizophrenia, a substance use disorder is a common co-diagnosis, especially
Tobacco Use Disorder
Research suggests African Americans are misdiagnosed with schizoohrenia because they ….
Are more likely to hallucinate and have delusions when depressed
Schizophrenia studies in non-western developing countries show that patients have an ___ onset of symptoms, a ____ clinical course, and a ____ remission of symptoms.
Acute, shorter, complete
Concordance rates for schizophrenia Biological sibling Fraternal twin Identical twin Child of 2 parents with schizophrenia General population
Bio sib - 10% Fraternal - 17 Identical - 48 child of 2 parents - 46 Gen pop - 1
Length of schizophreniform
1 month but less than 6 months
Length of Brief Psychotic Disorder
1 day but less than 1 month
Bipolar 1 - how many symptoms and for how long
3 symptoms for at least 1 week
Lifetime risk for completed suicide in Bipolar 1 is about
15 times the risk for the general population
Average age for the first episode of Bipolar 1 is ___ and at least ___% experience additional episodes.
18, 90%
If lithium doesn’t work ______ drugs may be helpful
Antidepressants may trigger a ____ epsiode, with ___ having a greater risk than SSRIs
anti-seizure (anti-convulsant)
manic
TCAs
Bipolar 2 requires how many symptoms and for how long and must/must not cause signifcant impairment?
3 symptoms, 4 days, not severe enough to cause impairment
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder requires temper outbursts and irritable mood for at least ____ months, exhibited in how many settings?
The dx cannot be assigned for the first time before age ___ or after age ___, and the onset must be before age ____.
12 months, 2/3 settings
6, 18, 10
How many symptoms must be present in MDD, with one being which of the following three…?
5, depressed mood, loss of interest, loss of pleasure
What percentage of women experience peripartum onset of depression, whicle which percentage develops psychosis? Which percentage experince the regular “baby blues” thus must be carefully evaluated and not overpathologized.
10-20%
.1 - .2%
80%
The 12 month prevalence rates for depression varies with age and is especially higher in ages ____compared to those ____ or older.
Prior to puberty, rates are ____ between males and females. The rate for females is ____ than the rate for males during ______.
18-30, 60 or older
the same, higher in females in adolescense
Subsequant depressive episodes are related to _______, rather than ______
previous episodes, stressors
peak age of onset of a MD episode is
mid 20s
Which brain regions are implicated in ADHD
frontal lobe and basal ganglia
What is the name for “made up words” in a psychotic presentation.
neologisms
Delusional disoder requires _____ delusion(s) for how long and behavior is/is not bizarre or odd
1, one month or longer, behavior is not bizarre
What are the 2 NTs most implicated in depression and what are their respective hypotheses?
low norepinephrine - catecholamine
low seratonin - indolamine
too much melatonin can lead to
depression
_____ is a better predictor of suicide than is severity of depression
hopelessness
Amont 15-34 year olds, what culture has the highest suicide rate? How many times higher?
Native Americans…2.5
In preadolescents and adolecscents, OCD is more common in _____ but not as adults.
boys
In somatic symptom disorder, need how many symtoms for how long
1 for 6 months
Somatic Sx Disorder vs Illness Anxiety Disorder
Somatic - have a symptom
Illness - worried about getting many Sxs
Primary sexal dysfuntion vs secondary
primary - lifelong issues
secondary - used to function well
Lengh of time of symptoms in paraphilic dxs
Most are men or women and identify as heterosexual or homosexual? Which is the only one you have to 18 for dx?
6 months
Men - heterosexual - voyeuristic
Those with mild neurocognitive disorder can engage in _____ strategies and their symptoms do/do not interfere with daily life
compensatory, do not
emphaize accomplishments, cooperative, declarative memory worse than procedural, symptoms are more progressive - these are reflective of?
emphasize failures, exacerbate symptoms, onset of symptoms more abrupt (about 2 weeks), greater impairment in procedural memory - these are reflective of?
Major Neurocognitive Disoder
Peudodementia
vascular etiollogy, cerebrovascular disease, stepwise decline, hypertension - indicative of
forgetfulness (anterograde amnesia), confusion, clumsiness, weakness, then depresson and tremor
vascular neurocognitive disorder
Neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection
Involves a gradual onset of Sxs, and a slow and progressive decline in functioning
Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer’s Disease
Stages in Alzheimer’s:
Stage 1 - (1-3 years) - anterograde amnesia in declarative memory isues, indifferne, irritability, sadness, anomia (familiar objects)
Stage 2 - (2-10 years) - increasing retrograde amnesia, agitation, delusion, ideomotor apraxia (translating thought into movement, flat/labile mood
Stage 3 - (8-12 years) - severely impaired intellectual functioning, apathy, limb rigidity, urinary/fecal incontinence
Which parts of the medial temporal lobes are implicated in Alzheimer’s
Entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala
Alzheimer’s is linked to heredity and low levels of ___, as well as neuritic _____ and neurofibrillary ____
ACh, plaques, tangles
Personality disorders are only diagnosed before age 18 if symptoms have existed….
longer than 1 year
What is the only PD more commonly found in women?
What is the gender ratio for Histrionic PD?
Borderline
Histrionic 50/50
depression in mono- vs dizygotic twins
mono - .50 and di - .20
Classic symptoms of depression, such as vegetative states, worsening of Sxs in the morning, acute onset with short duration, are best treated by which class of meds?
TCAs
Atypical Sxs of depression, such as anxiety, hypersomnia, hyperphagia, interpersonal sensitivity, are best treated by which class of meds?
MAOIs
Moderate to severe depression is best treated by which class of meds, which has fewere side effects and a lower risk for fatal overdose than TCAs?
SSRIs
In treating depression, combining CBT and meds is better than either tx alone..T or F?
Which one is best for preventing relapse?
True
CBT
How do you minimze the undesirable effects of electroconvulsive therapy for the tx of depression?
administer ECT unilaterally to the right (nondominant) hemisphere
what percentage of people who commit suicide have a mood disorder at time of death?
60%
__ times as many males as females commit suicide
4
For most age groups, suicide rates are highest for which race?
Whites
What percentage of those who commit suicide, have at least one previous attempt? What percent give a definite warning about their intention?
60-80…….80
When suicide is associated with depression, it is most likely to occur within ____ months after depressive symptoms ____.
3 months…improve
How many symptoms in separation anxiety disorder? How long should they be present for children and adults?
3…children = 4 weeks….adults = 6 months
the onset of separation anxiety disorder during adolescence has a ___ prognosis
poor
Mower’s Two-factor theory
explains anxiety via classical conditioning and operant conditioning
How many symptoms in a panic attack? How many panic attacks must occur, followed by what length of time worrying about additional attacks occurring or change in behavior?
4 symptoms…1 panic attack followed by one month
In Agoraphobia, there’s fear about how many situations and lasts for how long?
2 situations…6 months
Over ____ % of people with GAD have another diagnosis
50%
What is the most likely dx for someone with disturbances in motor/sensory functioning without evidence to support the symptoms and neurological/medical condition?
Conversion disorder
What is the most likely dx with someone who persistently eats non-nutritive, non-food substances?
Can it occur at any age?
How long must it last?
Pica..yes any any age for one month
Regarding gender, over ___% of people with anorexia are?
90%
The first priority in treating anorexia is getting the person to ____ _____.
Gain weight
Someone with bulimia must engage in binge eating and compensatory strategies at least ____ a week for ___ months for the dx.
once a week for 3 months
Enuresis is? How frequently and for how long?
Encopresis? How frequently and for how long?
Enuresis - voiding of urine -twice a week for 3+ months
Encopresis - involuntary/intentional passage of feces - once a moth for at least 3 months
Moffit distinguishes between 2 types of conduct disorder
1) Life-course persistent
2) Adolescense-limited
What did Marlot and Goron say about addiction?
They are overlearned, maladaptive habit patterns.
