Abnormal

Question 1

Deep dyslexia vs surface dyslexia

Answer 1

Deep - semantic errors - mistakenly reads a word as another with a similar meaning (“Couch” instead of “Chair”)

Surface - word recognition errors - sounds them out. Irregular words are often mispronounced (“Come”…sounds different from but similar spelling to “home”)

Question 2

Most diagnoses use monothetic OR polythetic criteria

Answer 2

polythetic

Question 3

What is polythetic criteria?

Answer 3

You need a subset of Symptom for the dx

Question 4

In intellectual disability, deficits are how many SDs below the mean?

Answer 4

2

Question 5

lack of age-appropriate interest, lack of eye contact during feeding, and less responsiveness to voice are early signs of

Answer 5

intellectual disability

Question 6

In ADHD onsets before age 12, how many symptoms are needed

In ADHD onsets at age 17 or older, how many symptoms are needed

How long do the symptoms need to be present?

Answer 6

before 12 = 6 symptoms

at or after 17 = 5 symptoms

6 months

Question 7

What % of children with ADHD have it as adolescents and as adults

As adults, usually, it’s inattentive, hyper, or both types?

Answer 7

65-80 as adolescents

15% as adults, inattentive

Question 8

Childhood-onset fluency disorder aka stuttering usually begins between the ages of ______, with the severity at age ____ being a good predictor of prognosis.

Answer 8

2 and 7

8

Question 9

What can be used to treat stuttering?

Answer 9

Habit rehearsal training

Question 10

What does habit rehearsal training include?

Answer 10

relaxation, awareness, motivation, generalization training, and competing response

Question 11

What can be a competing response in the treatment of stuttering?

Answer 11

regulated breathing - stop speaking when stuttering is anticipated

Question 12

The prognosis for Autism SD is generally

Answer 12

poor

Question 13

Abnormalities in social orienting and responsivity apparent by age 12 are earliest signs of

Answer 13

ASD

Question 14

Shaping and discrimination training are treatments for

Answer 14

ASD

Question 15

The prevalence of ADHD in most cultures is __ % for children and ___ % for adults

Answer 15

5%, 2.5%

Question 16

Regarding gender, ADHD is more prevalent in
Regarding gender and subtype of ADHD the _____ subtype is more prevalent in males while the ______ is more prevalent in females

Answer 16

males

Combined, inattentive

Question 17

ADHD is due to an inability to regulate behavior to fit situatonal demands. What’s this called?

Another theory says that it’s due to problems inhibiting _____ to ______ stimuli

Answer 17

Behavioral Disinhibition Hypothesis

attention, nonrelevant

Question 18

ADHD is usually treated with ____, one in particular being______, which are found to be effective in ___ % of cases

Answer 18

stimulants, methylphenidate (ritalin)

75%

Question 19

Difficulties in academic skills for 6 months despite provisions targetin those difficulties means the most likely dx is

Answer 19

Specific learning disorder

Question 20

People with a SLD have an IQ in the ___ to___ range

They have lower or higher rates of other problems?

Answer 20

averge to above-average

higher

Question 21

The most frequent commorbid disorder of SLD is ADHD, with a percentage of

It is more comman in ____ than ____, with a ratio of

Answer 21

20-30%

males > females

2:1 - 3:!

Question 22

Eye blinking, facial grimacing, gestures, jumping, smelling objects, and echokinesis (imitating someone’s movements) are examples of

Answer 22

Motor tics

Question 23

grunting, snorting, barking, echolalia, coprolalia (repeating socially undesirable words) are examples of

Answer 23

Vocal tics

Question 24

Tourette’s Disorder includes the presence of at least ___ vocal tic and _____ motor tics for more than ____ year(s)?

Symptoms began prior to age?

Answer 24

1 vocal, multiple vocal, more than 1 year

18

Question 25

What is a common comorbid disorder with Tourette's?

Answer 25

OCD

Question 26

NTs and brain regions and tourette's

Answer 26

dopamine and caudate nucleus

Question 27

Which meds are often used to treat tourette's?

Answer 27

haloperidol and pimozide (both antipsychotics)

Question 28

Behavioral treatment for tourette's

Answer 28

Comprehensive behavioral tx for tics (CBIT)

Question 29

Children between the ages of ___ and ___ have the most negative reaction to hospitalization

Answer 29

1 and 4

Question 30

What intervention has been useful in alleviating stress in children before medical procedures?

Answer 30

Stress Innoculation Training

Question 31

How many active phase symptoms need to be present in schizophrenia and for how long? Of these active symptoms, 1 has to be either of which 3?

Answer 31

2 active symptoms symptoms for 6 months 1 has to be delusion, hallucination, disorganized speech

Question 32

In schizophrenia, a substance use disorder is a common co-diagnosis, especially

Answer 32

Tobacco Use Disorder

Question 33

Research suggests African Americans are misdiagnosed with schizoohrenia because they ....

Answer 33

Are more likely to hallucinate and have delusions when depressed

Question 34

Schizophrenia studies in non-western developing countries show that patients have an ___ onset of symptoms, a ____ clinical course, and a ____ remission of symptoms.

Answer 34

Acute, shorter, complete

Question 35

``` Concordance rates for schizophrenia Biological sibling Fraternal twin Identical twin Child of 2 parents with schizophrenia General population ```

Answer 35

``` Bio sib - 10% Fraternal - 17 Identical - 48 child of 2 parents - 46 Gen pop - 1 ```

Question 36

Length of schizophreniform

Answer 36

1 month but less than 6 months

Question 37

Length of Brief Psychotic Disorder

Answer 37

1 day but less than 1 month

Question 38

Bipolar 1 - how many symptoms and for how long

Answer 38

3 symptoms for at least 1 week

Question 39

Lifetime risk for completed suicide in Bipolar 1 is about

Answer 39

15 times the risk for the general population

Question 40

Average age for the first episode of Bipolar 1 is ___ and at least ___% experience additional episodes.

Answer 40

18, 90%

Question 41

If lithium doesn't work ______ drugs may be helpful Antidepressants may trigger a ____ epsiode, with ___ having a greater risk than SSRIs

Answer 41

anti-seizure (anti-convulsant) manic TCAs

Question 42

Bipolar 2 requires how many symptoms and for how long and must/must not cause signifcant impairment?

Answer 42

3 symptoms, 4 days, not severe enough to cause impairment

Question 43

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder requires temper outbursts and irritable mood for at least ____ months, exhibited in how many settings? The dx cannot be assigned for the first time before age ___ or after age ___, and the onset must be before age ____.

Answer 43

12 months, 2/3 settings 6, 18, 10

Question 44

How many symptoms must be present in MDD, with one being which of the following three...?

Answer 44

5, depressed mood, loss of interest, loss of pleasure

Question 45

What percentage of women experience peripartum onset of depression, whicle which percentage develops psychosis? Which percentage experince the regular "baby blues" thus must be carefully evaluated and not overpathologized.

Answer 45

10-20% .1 - .2% 80%

Question 46

The 12 month prevalence rates for depression varies with age and is especially higher in ages ____compared to those ____ or older. Prior to puberty, rates are ____ between males and females. The rate for females is ____ than the rate for males during ______.

Answer 46

18-30, 60 or older the same, higher in females in adolescense

Question 47

Subsequant depressive episodes are related to _______, rather than ______

Answer 47

previous episodes, stressors

Question 48

peak age of onset of a MD episode is

Answer 48

mid 20s

Question 49

Which brain regions are implicated in ADHD

Answer 49

frontal lobe and basal ganglia

Question 50

What is the name for "made up words" in a psychotic presentation.

Answer 50

neologisms

Question 51

Delusional disoder requires _____ delusion(s) for how long and behavior is/is not bizarre or odd

Answer 51

1, one month or longer, behavior is not bizarre

Question 52

What are the 2 NTs most implicated in depression and what are their respective hypotheses?

Answer 52

low norepinephrine - catecholamine | low seratonin - indolamine

Question 53

too much melatonin can lead to

Answer 53

depression

Question 54

_____ is a better predictor of suicide than is severity of depression

Answer 54

hopelessness

Question 55

Amont 15-34 year olds, what culture has the highest suicide rate? How many times higher?

Answer 55

Native Americans...2.5

Question 56

In preadolescents and adolecscents, OCD is more common in _____ but not as adults.

Answer 56

boys

Question 57

In somatic symptom disorder, need how many symtoms for how long

Answer 57

1 for 6 months

Question 58

Somatic Sx Disorder vs Illness Anxiety Disorder

Answer 58

Somatic - have a symptom | Illness - worried about getting many Sxs

Question 59

Primary sexal dysfuntion vs secondary

Answer 59

primary - lifelong issues | secondary - used to function well

Question 60

Lengh of time of symptoms in paraphilic dxs | Most are men or women and identify as heterosexual or homosexual? Which is the only one you have to 18 for dx?

Answer 60

6 months Men - heterosexual - voyeuristic

Question 61

Those with mild neurocognitive disorder can engage in _____ strategies and their symptoms do/do not interfere with daily life

Answer 61

compensatory, do not

Question 62

emphaize accomplishments, cooperative, declarative memory worse than procedural, symptoms are more progressive - these are reflective of? emphasize failures, exacerbate symptoms, onset of symptoms more abrupt (about 2 weeks), greater impairment in procedural memory - these are reflective of?

Answer 62

Major Neurocognitive Disoder Peudodementia

Question 63

vascular etiollogy, cerebrovascular disease, stepwise decline, hypertension - indicative of forgetfulness (anterograde amnesia), confusion, clumsiness, weakness, then depresson and tremor

Answer 63

vascular neurocognitive disorder Neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection

Question 64

Involves a gradual onset of Sxs, and a slow and progressive decline in functioning

Answer 64

Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer's Disease

Question 65

Stages in Alzheimer's:

Answer 65

Stage 1 - (1-3 years) - anterograde amnesia in declarative memory isues, indifferne, irritability, sadness, anomia (familiar objects) Stage 2 - (2-10 years) - increasing retrograde amnesia, agitation, delusion, ideomotor apraxia (translating thought into movement, flat/labile mood Stage 3 - (8-12 years) - severely impaired intellectual functioning, apathy, limb rigidity, urinary/fecal incontinence

Question 66

Which parts of the medial temporal lobes are implicated in Alzheimer's

Answer 66

Entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala

Question 67

Alzheimer's is linked to heredity and low levels of ___, as well as neuritic _____ and neurofibrillary ____

Answer 67

ACh, plaques, tangles

Question 68

Personality disorders are only diagnosed before age 18 if symptoms have existed....

Answer 68

longer than 1 year

Question 69

What is the only PD more commonly found in women? What is the gender ratio for Histrionic PD?

Answer 69

Borderline Histrionic 50/50

Question 70

depression in mono- vs dizygotic twins

Answer 70

mono - .50 and di - .20

Question 71

Classic symptoms of depression, such as vegetative states, worsening of Sxs in the morning, acute onset with short duration, are best treated by which class of meds?

Answer 71

TCAs

Question 72

Atypical Sxs of depression, such as anxiety, hypersomnia, hyperphagia, interpersonal sensitivity, are best treated by which class of meds?

Answer 72

MAOIs

Question 73

Moderate to severe depression is best treated by which class of meds, which has fewere side effects and a lower risk for fatal overdose than TCAs?

Answer 73

SSRIs

Question 74

In treating depression, combining CBT and meds is better than either tx alone..T or F? Which one is best for preventing relapse?

Answer 74

True CBT

Question 75

How do you minimze the undesirable effects of electroconvulsive therapy for the tx of depression?

Answer 75

administer ECT unilaterally to the right (nondominant) hemisphere

Question 76

what percentage of people who commit suicide have a mood disorder at time of death?

Answer 76

60%

Question 77

__ times as many males as females commit suicide

Answer 77

4

Question 78

For most age groups, suicide rates are highest for which race?

Answer 78

Whites

Question 79

What percentage of those who commit suicide, have at least one previous attempt? What percent give a definite warning about their intention?

Answer 79

60-80.......80

Question 80

When suicide is associated with depression, it is most likely to occur within ____ months after depressive symptoms ____.

Answer 80

3 months...improve

Question 81

How many symptoms in separation anxiety disorder? How long should they be present for children and adults?

Answer 81

3...children = 4 weeks....adults = 6 months

Question 82

the onset of separation anxiety disorder during adolescence has a ___ prognosis

Answer 82

poor

Question 83

Mower's Two-factor theory

Answer 83

explains anxiety via classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Question 84

How many symptoms in a panic attack? How many panic attacks must occur, followed by what length of time worrying about additional attacks occurring or change in behavior?

Answer 84

4 symptoms...1 panic attack followed by one month

Question 85

In Agoraphobia, there's fear about how many situations and lasts for how long?

Answer 85

2 situations...6 months

Question 86

Over ____ % of people with GAD have another diagnosis

Answer 86

50%

Question 87

What is the most likely dx for someone with disturbances in motor/sensory functioning without evidence to support the symptoms and neurological/medical condition?

Answer 87

Conversion disorder

Question 88

What is the most likely dx with someone who persistently eats non-nutritive, non-food substances? Can it occur at any age? How long must it last?

Answer 88

Pica..yes any any age for one month

Question 89

Regarding gender, over ___% of people with anorexia are?

Answer 89

90%

Question 90

The first priority in treating anorexia is getting the person to ____ _____.

Answer 90

Gain weight

Question 91

Someone with bulimia must engage in binge eating and compensatory strategies at least ____ a week for ___ months for the dx.

Answer 91

once a week for 3 months

Question 92

Enuresis is? How frequently and for how long? Encopresis? How frequently and for how long?

Answer 92

Enuresis - voiding of urine -twice a week for 3+ months Encopresis - involuntary/intentional passage of feces - once a moth for at least 3 months

Question 93

Moffit distinguishes between 2 types of conduct disorder

Answer 93

1) Life-course persistent | 2) Adolescense-limited

Question 94

What did Marlot and Goron say about addiction?

Answer 94

They are overlearned, maladaptive habit patterns.