Memory

Question 1

Name two memory models

Answer 1

Multi-store aka information processing model

Levels of processing model

Question 2

What are the 3 storage types in the multi-store aka info processing model of memory

Answer 2

Divides memory into 3 components of storing

Sensory register

Short term

Long term

Question 3

Describe sensory register memory

Answer 3

Processing incoming sensory events, including sights, sounds and smells..large capacity but short duration

Iconic (visual) - retained for 1/2 second
Echoic (auditory) - retained for 2-3 secs

When this memory is focused on, the material is transferred to short term memory

Question 4

Short term memory

Answer 4

Very limited in capacity and duration

Capacity —- 7+/- two chunks of info
Duration —– without rehearsal 30 secs

Ex of activity is mental math

When material is encoded, transferred to long term memory

Question 5

Long term memory

Answer 5

Highly organized and may be permanent

Capacity - can be infinite

Made up of procedural and declarative memories

Question 6

Procedural memory

Answer 6

Part of long term…memory for knowing “how” to do things…comb hair, play piano

Question 7

Declarative memory

Answer 7

part of long term…memory for knowing ““what”, and can be broken down into semantic and episodic memories.

Question 8

Semantic memory

Answer 8

part of declarative long term…it is general knowledge independent of any context ..facts, rules, concepts

Question 9

Episodic memory

Answer 9

part of declarative long term memory…personally experienced events…what you did on your last bday

Question 10

Levels of processing model of memory

Answer 10

A single memory system that has varying levels of processing

Question 11

Identify the levels of processing within the levels processing model

Answer 11

1) Physical
2) Acoustic
3) Semantic - meaning - deepest level - most effort and best recall

Question 12

Explanations for forgetting

Answer 12

1) Trace decay theory

2) Interference

Question 13

Trace decay theory =

Answer 13

Memories fade if they aren’t accessed and used..not well supported by research

Question 14

Interference =

2 types:

Answer 14

When info similar to the target info interferes with the storage and retrieval process

1) Proactive - previously stored info interferes with the ability to recall similar, more recently stored info
2) Retroactive - Recently learned info interferes with the ability to learn previously learned material

Question 15

Memory Strategies:

1) Elaborative rehearsal
2) Maintenance rehearsal
3) Mnemonic devices

Answer 15

1) Relating new info to previously stored info
2) Rote repetition
3) formal methods - those that use visual imagery are best

Question 16

Mnemonic devices

a. Method of Loci
b. Keyword method

Answer 16

a. Useful for list of unrelated words - imagining walking thru a familiar room and storing items in a different location then recalling their location by imagining looking for items in the room
b. Useful for memorizing pairs of unrelated words

Question 17

Mnemonic devices continued:

 c. acronyms
 d. acrostics

Answer 17

c. word formed using first letter of each word

d. phrase or rhyme constructed from the first letter of each word

Question 18

Multi-component model of working memory

Answer 18

Working memory consists of a primary and 3 subsystems:
Primary - The central executive
1) Phonological loop
2) Visuospatial sketchpad
3) Episodic buffer

Question 19

Serial position effect

Answer 19

primacy and recency

Question 20

Prospective Memory

Answer 20

Considered aspect of long-term memory responsible for “remember to remember”

Question 21

Filter theory of selective attention

Answer 21

Explains how info is transferred from ST memory to LT

Question 22

Feature integration theory

Answer 22

Initial processing of info involves two stages:
1) preattentive stage - basic features (shape, color)
2) attentive stage - features processed serially to form a whole
Stored in memory as a unitary object

Question 23

Encoding specificity

Answer 23

The greater the similarity between the way the info is encoded and the cues present at the time of recall, the better the recall

Question 24

Redintegration

Answer 24

when something unlocks a rapid chain of memories (smell)