Memory Flashcards
Name two memory models
Multi-store aka information processing model
Levels of processing model
What are the 3 storage types in the multi-store aka info processing model of memory
Divides memory into 3 components of storing
Sensory register
Short term
Long term
Describe sensory register memory
Processing incoming sensory events, including sights, sounds and smells..large capacity but short duration
Iconic (visual) - retained for 1/2 second
Echoic (auditory) - retained for 2-3 secs
When this memory is focused on, the material is transferred to short term memory
Short term memory
Very limited in capacity and duration
Capacity —- 7+/- two chunks of info
Duration —– without rehearsal 30 secs
Ex of activity is mental math
When material is encoded, transferred to long term memory
Long term memory
Highly organized and may be permanent
Capacity - can be infinite
Made up of procedural and declarative memories
Procedural memory
Part of long term…memory for knowing “how” to do things…comb hair, play piano
Declarative memory
part of long term…memory for knowing ““what”, and can be broken down into semantic and episodic memories.
Semantic memory
part of declarative long term…it is general knowledge independent of any context ..facts, rules, concepts
Episodic memory
part of declarative long term memory…personally experienced events…what you did on your last bday
Levels of processing model of memory
A single memory system that has varying levels of processing
Identify the levels of processing within the levels processing model
1) Physical
2) Acoustic
3) Semantic - meaning - deepest level - most effort and best recall
Explanations for forgetting
1) Trace decay theory
2) Interference
Trace decay theory =
Memories fade if they aren’t accessed and used..not well supported by research
Interference =
2 types:
When info similar to the target info interferes with the storage and retrieval process
1) Proactive - previously stored info interferes with the ability to recall similar, more recently stored info
2) Retroactive - Recently learned info interferes with the ability to learn previously learned material
Memory Strategies:
1) Elaborative rehearsal
2) Maintenance rehearsal
3) Mnemonic devices
1) Relating new info to previously stored info
2) Rote repetition
3) formal methods - those that use visual imagery are best
Mnemonic devices
a. Method of Loci b. Keyword method
a. Useful for list of unrelated words - imagining walking thru a familiar room and storing items in a different location then recalling their location by imagining looking for items in the room
b. Useful for memorizing pairs of unrelated words
Mnemonic devices continued:
c. acronyms d. acrostics
c. word formed using first letter of each word
d. phrase or rhyme constructed from the first letter of each word
Multi-component model of working memory
Working memory consists of a primary and 3 subsystems: Primary - The central executive 1) Phonological loop 2) Visuospatial sketchpad 3) Episodic buffer
Serial position effect
primacy and recency
Prospective Memory
Considered aspect of long-term memory responsible for “remember to remember”
Filter theory of selective attention
Explains how info is transferred from ST memory to LT
Feature integration theory
Initial processing of info involves two stages:
1) preattentive stage - basic features (shape, color)
2) attentive stage - features processed serially to form a whole
Stored in memory as a unitary object
Encoding specificity
The greater the similarity between the way the info is encoded and the cues present at the time of recall, the better the recall
Redintegration
when something unlocks a rapid chain of memories (smell)
