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EPPP > Social > Flashcards

Social Flashcards

1
Q

you only directly test a hypothesis but not indirectly

A

congruence bias

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2
Q

schemata, prototypes, and ____ influence the way we interpret the world and how we perceive/judge others

A

scripts

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3
Q

more abstract form of schemata - knowledge about the most representative or ideal example of a category of people/things

A

prototype

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4
Q

aka event schemas - give knowledge about the appropriate sequence of behaviors in specific social situations

A

scripts

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5
Q

According to Asch, ___ and ____ are central traits because they give unique info and carry more weight

A

warm and cool

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6
Q

recent research suggests that two dimensions underlie impressions of others

A

warmth and competence

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7
Q

the process of determining or inferring why behavior has occurred

A

attribution

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8
Q

3 types of attributions:

A

situational vs dispositional
stable vs unstable
specific vs global

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9
Q

overestimating dispositional factors and underestimating situational ones is —–

A

the fundamental attribution error

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10
Q

tendency for people to view victims as the cause of their own misfortune

A

belief in a just world

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11
Q

tendency to make different attributions about our own behaviors and the behaviors of other

A

actor-observer effect

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12
Q

tendency to blame external factors for our failures and take credit for successes

A

self-serving bias

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13
Q

mental shortcuts or rules-of-thumb, to make attributions and other judgments

A

heuristic

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14
Q

basing your judgment about the likelihood that a person, object, or event belongs to a category of how representative it is to that category while ignoring base rate data

A

representativeness heuristic

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15
Q

judging the likelihood or frequency of an event based on how easy it is to retrieve info about the event from long-term memory

A

availability heuristic

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16
Q

using a mental simulation of an event to determine the likelihood that the event will happen

A

simulation heuristic

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17
Q

using an initial value as the basis for making a judgment or estimate and then adjusting up or down from that starting value

A

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

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18
Q

relying on case-specific information and ignoring or underusing the base rate data when estimating the likelihood of an event or characterisitc

A

base-rate fallacy

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19
Q

paying attention to information that confirms your beliefs or ignore information that does not

A

confirmation bias

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20
Q

overestimating the degree to which the beliefs, opinions, and behaviors of others are similar to our own

A

false consensus effect

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21
Q

believing that chance is affected by the occurrence of previous events when there is actualy no relationship between events

A

gambler’s fallacy

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22
Q

an innate motive that contributes to the initiation and maintenance of interpersonal relationships

A

affiliation

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23
Q

affiliation has been said to be affectedby three factors:

A

anxiety, arousability, and gender

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24
Q

in studying _____ and affiliation, Schachter found that highly ____ people, tended to wait with highly anxious people..this study coined the term ______

A

anxiety, anxious….misery loves miserable company

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25
Q

Eysenck proposed that introverts are ___ in arousability and are likely to avoid from affiliating with others to prevent overarousing while extroverts are ___ low in arousability

A

introverts-high in arousability

extroverts - low in arousability

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26
Q

Taylor highlighted that a primary stress response for women in affiliation is ______ rather than _____

A

tend-and-befriend / fight-or-flight

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27
Q

women friendships more often develop out of ____ while men’s develop out of _____

A

communication, shared activity

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28
Q

men have greater tolerance for _____ peers and friendships last ____

A

same-sex…longer

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29
Q

attraction is affected by three factors:

A

competence, similarity, reciprocity

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30
Q

the law of _____ says we gravitate towards those with simiar attutides because it’s more rewarding

A

attraction

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31
Q

regarding infidelity, men are more concerend with _____ infidelity and women with ____ infidelity. Interestingly, studies show that physiological responses to both types of infidelity are the _____, suggesting that the differences are due to ____ expectations.

A

sexual, emotional

same, cultural

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32
Q

the _______ model addresses the events that trigger strong emotions in close relationships - there’s an innate mechanism that generates emotions in unpleasant situations

A

emotion-in-relationship

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33
Q

why people decide to stay in or leave a relationship are explained by which two theories

A

social exchange and equity

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34
Q

the sum of total beliefs that people have about themselves

A

self-concept

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35
Q

accepting vague or general descriptions as accurate descriptions of themselves

A

barnum effect

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36
Q

Self-perception theory is supported by Schacter’s _____ studies, which examined perception of ___. They found that in ambiguos situations, people look at cues in the ____ environment to identify their ____ states.

A

epinephrine, emotion

environment, internal

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37
Q

when internal cues are insufficient or hard to interpret, we acquire info about ourselves by observing external behaviors or the context in which those behaviors occur

A

self-perception theory

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38
Q

_____ hypothesis predicts that when an external reward is given t. o a person for perofmring an intrinsically rewarding activity, the intrinsic interest decreases. This is evidence for _____ theory.

A

overjustification hypothesis, self-perception theory

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39
Q

comparing your own opinions and behaviors to others’, due to lack of objective standards

A

social comparison theory

40
Q

once the self-concept is formed, we use cognitive and behavioral strategies to obtain info consistent with that self-concept

A

self-verification theory

41
Q

the strategies people use to influence how others perceive them

A

self-presentation

42
Q

people’s needs and abilities to manage the impressions that others form of them

A

self-monitoring

43
Q

people are either ____ or ____ in self-monitoring.

A

high or low

44
Q

someone who’s focused on hs public self is __ on self-monitoring

A

high

45
Q

someone guided by his own beliefs, values, and internal cues (privte self) is ___ in self-monitoring

A

low

46
Q

the expectation that we can perform behaviors that will produce desired outcomes

A

perceived self-control

47
Q

three factors linked to perceived self-control

A

self-efficacy, locus of control, hardiness

48
Q

the hardiness factor of perceived self-control has three characteristics:

A

commitment, challenge, and control

49
Q

using information gained from others to interprety ambigous stimuli of situations

A

informational social influence

50
Q

there is also a drive to conform, even when the stimulus is unambiguous…this is referred to as

A

normative social influence

51
Q

in Milgram’s study ____% gave the most severe level of shock even though psychologists had predicted only ___% would do so

A

65…1

52
Q

compliance can have three effects on behavior and attitudes:

A

Complaince, Identification, Internalization

53
Q

when we change our behaviors to obtain a reward or avoid punishment

A

compliance

54
Q

when we change our behaviors to be liked by someone else

A

identification

55
Q

when we change our behaviors because we privately accept the beliefs of the other person

A

internalization

56
Q

six bases of social power that you “rarely see”

A 
R - Reward
E - Expert
R - Referent
L - Legitimate
I - Informational
C - Coercive
57
Q

One’s ability to influence someone is often the result of ___ or more bases of power

A

2+

58
Q

Which to bases of power lead to the most superficial response?

A

coercive and reward

59
Q

Which bases of power most likely produces identification?

A

referent

60
Q

Which bases of power most likely produces internalization?

A

expert, legitimate, and informational

61
Q

stable responses to an entity or situation

A

attitude

62
Q

attitude has 3 components

A

Affective, cognitive, behavioral

63
Q

4 characteristics of communication that will most likely induce attitude change

A

Level of discrepancy
Order of presentation
Accidental messages
Fear arousal

64
Q

when both sides of an argument are presented, a ______ effect occurs, if the second communication occurs immeidately after the first and the measure of attidue change is taken______

A

primacy, at a later time

65
Q

when there is a period of time between the two communications and the attitude measure is administered ______ the second communicaiton, a ____ effect occurs

A

immediately, recency

66
Q

for attitude change, level of discrepancy between communicator and receiver must be ____

A

moderate

67
Q

___ theory focuses on the relations aong the person (P), another person (O), and a third person, idea, event, or object (X)

A

Balance

68
Q

central and peripheral processing are part of the ____ model

A

elaboration likelihood

69
Q

_______ has been used to increase resistance to persuasion

A

attitude inoculation

70
Q

Frequent viewing of media violence has been linked to a tendency to judge aggressive retaliation more ____, a tendency to ____ the likelihood that one will be a victim to violence, and ____ support for harsher prison sentences

A

positively, overestimate, greater

71
Q

the _______ model proposes that we are more likely to act aggressively when we beleive we can act anonymously

A

deindividuation model

72
Q

The ___ hypothesis says that aggression reduces our arousal level so it decreaes the probability of acting aggressively in the near future

A

catharsis hyothesis

73
Q

studies find that when people act aggressively towards another person, this ____ their ____ feelings towards that person as well as the likelihood that thy weill act _____ in the future

A

increases, negative, aggressively

74
Q

threat of retaliation often ____ aggressiveness, especially when it comes from a person of _____.When coupled with ____, the likelihood of aggression ____, but it may be ____ onto someone else.

A

reduces, high status, provocation, increases, displaced

75
Q

_______ theory describes prejudice as the result of intergroup conflucts caused by competition over limited resources and power

A

realiistic conflict theory

76
Q

Level of racism include

A

Cultural,
Institutional
Interpersonal
Internalized

77
Q

which level of racism is seen as the most fundamental which is seen as the best one for change to happen, as change would then spread to other levels

A

institutional

78
Q

blatant racism seems to be decreasing, but other subtle forms of racism lke ______ is increasing.

A

symbolic (modern) racism

79
Q

The _____ hypothesis predicts that prejudice may be reduced through contact between members of the majority and minoriy groups with certain conditions

A

Contact hypothesis:

1) Both who meet are equal status
2) Provide oportunities to disconfirm stereotypes held of others
3) Contact must be sanctioned by law
4) Aim for superordinate goals

80
Q

Those with privilege may engage in in:

A

ethnocentric monoculturalism

81
Q

the norm of ___ states that we should help others who have helped us

A

reciprocity

82
Q

the norm of ____ states that we assist others even if they haven’t helped us

A

social responsibility

83
Q

Robber’s Cave study investigated _____ with two groups of boys…separating the groups to maximize _____ cohesiveness and _____ conflict. He then added a third group who served as a ___ enemy and only the strategy of _____ goals was good enogh to get them to cooperate.

A

cooperation….intragroup…..intergroup……common….superordinate goals

84
Q

superordinate goals have also been studied with the ______.students were divided into _____ teams and researchers found that this _____ stereotyping and improved several other factors, including academic achievement for ___ students.

A

jigsaw method, multiethnic, minority

85
Q

unwillingness of bystanders to help in emergency situatons is due to three reasons:

A

Pluralistic ignorance
Evaluation apprehension
Diffusion of responsibility

86
Q

if one other person has already intervened and the situation is in a rural or uncrowded area, the next person is ___ likely to intervene

A

more likely

87
Q

B = f(P, E) refers to ____ theory

A

field

88
Q

every psychological event depends on the state of the person and the environment at the same time

A

field theory

89
Q

as per field theory, human ____ is a function of the ___ and the ___ and ____ environment

A

behavior person, physical, social

90
Q

Lewin distinguished between 3 types of ________conflicts and a 4th was later added

A

2) avoidance-avoidance

3) approach-avoidance

91
Q

choosing between two goals that both have pos and neg - usually the hardest to resolve

A

double approach-avoidance conflict

92
Q

chosing between two equally pos goals - usuall easiest to resolve

A

approach-approach conflict

93
Q

a single goal has both pos and neg qualities

A

approach-avoidance conflict

94
Q

choosing betwen two equality neg goals

A

avoidance-avoidance conflict

95
Q

crowding has ____ impact on simple tasks and ___ impact on complext tasks

A

little/no…..adverse

96
Q

when in the movies watching an arousing, attention-grabing film people were ___ likely to say they felt crowded than when watching a boring nonarousing movie

A

less

97
Q

the fact that a crowd can make a good experience even better and a bad one even worse is explained by the _____ hypotheis

A

density intensity

EPPP (20 decks)

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