Social Flashcards
you only directly test a hypothesis but not indirectly
congruence bias
schemata, prototypes, and ____ influence the way we interpret the world and how we perceive/judge others
scripts
more abstract form of schemata - knowledge about the most representative or ideal example of a category of people/things
prototype
aka event schemas - give knowledge about the appropriate sequence of behaviors in specific social situations
scripts
According to Asch, ___ and ____ are central traits because they give unique info and carry more weight
warm and cool
recent research suggests that two dimensions underlie impressions of others
warmth and competence
the process of determining or inferring why behavior has occurred
attribution
3 types of attributions:
situational vs dispositional
stable vs unstable
specific vs global
overestimating dispositional factors and underestimating situational ones is —–
the fundamental attribution error
tendency for people to view victims as the cause of their own misfortune
belief in a just world
tendency to make different attributions about our own behaviors and the behaviors of other
actor-observer effect
tendency to blame external factors for our failures and take credit for successes
self-serving bias
mental shortcuts or rules-of-thumb, to make attributions and other judgments
heuristic
basing your judgment about the likelihood that a person, object, or event belongs to a category of how representative it is to that category while ignoring base rate data
representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood or frequency of an event based on how easy it is to retrieve info about the event from long-term memory
availability heuristic
using a mental simulation of an event to determine the likelihood that the event will happen
simulation heuristic
using an initial value as the basis for making a judgment or estimate and then adjusting up or down from that starting value
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
relying on case-specific information and ignoring or underusing the base rate data when estimating the likelihood of an event or characterisitc
base-rate fallacy
paying attention to information that confirms your beliefs or ignore information that does not
confirmation bias
overestimating the degree to which the beliefs, opinions, and behaviors of others are similar to our own
false consensus effect
believing that chance is affected by the occurrence of previous events when there is actualy no relationship between events
gambler’s fallacy
an innate motive that contributes to the initiation and maintenance of interpersonal relationships
affiliation
affiliation has been said to be affectedby three factors:
anxiety, arousability, and gender
in studying _____ and affiliation, Schachter found that highly ____ people, tended to wait with highly anxious people..this study coined the term ______
anxiety, anxious….misery loves miserable company
Eysenck proposed that introverts are ___ in arousability and are likely to avoid from affiliating with others to prevent overarousing while extroverts are ___ low in arousability
introverts-high in arousability
extroverts - low in arousability
Taylor highlighted that a primary stress response for women in affiliation is ______ rather than _____
tend-and-befriend / fight-or-flight
women friendships more often develop out of ____ while men’s develop out of _____
communication, shared activity
men have greater tolerance for _____ peers and friendships last ____
same-sex…longer
attraction is affected by three factors:
competence, similarity, reciprocity
the law of _____ says we gravitate towards those with simiar attutides because it’s more rewarding
attraction
regarding infidelity, men are more concerend with _____ infidelity and women with ____ infidelity. Interestingly, studies show that physiological responses to both types of infidelity are the _____, suggesting that the differences are due to ____ expectations.
sexual, emotional
same, cultural
the _______ model addresses the events that trigger strong emotions in close relationships - there’s an innate mechanism that generates emotions in unpleasant situations
emotion-in-relationship
why people decide to stay in or leave a relationship are explained by which two theories
social exchange and equity
the sum of total beliefs that people have about themselves
self-concept
accepting vague or general descriptions as accurate descriptions of themselves
barnum effect
Self-perception theory is supported by Schacter’s _____ studies, which examined perception of ___. They found that in ambiguos situations, people look at cues in the ____ environment to identify their ____ states.
epinephrine, emotion
environment, internal
when internal cues are insufficient or hard to interpret, we acquire info about ourselves by observing external behaviors or the context in which those behaviors occur
self-perception theory
_____ hypothesis predicts that when an external reward is given t. o a person for perofmring an intrinsically rewarding activity, the intrinsic interest decreases. This is evidence for _____ theory.
overjustification hypothesis, self-perception theory
comparing your own opinions and behaviors to others’, due to lack of objective standards
social comparison theory
once the self-concept is formed, we use cognitive and behavioral strategies to obtain info consistent with that self-concept
self-verification theory
the strategies people use to influence how others perceive them
self-presentation
people’s needs and abilities to manage the impressions that others form of them
self-monitoring
people are either ____ or ____ in self-monitoring.
high or low
someone who’s focused on hs public self is __ on self-monitoring
high
someone guided by his own beliefs, values, and internal cues (privte self) is ___ in self-monitoring
low
the expectation that we can perform behaviors that will produce desired outcomes
perceived self-control
three factors linked to perceived self-control
self-efficacy, locus of control, hardiness
the hardiness factor of perceived self-control has three characteristics:
commitment, challenge, and control
using information gained from others to interprety ambigous stimuli of situations
informational social influence
there is also a drive to conform, even when the stimulus is unambiguous…this is referred to as
normative social influence
in Milgram’s study ____% gave the most severe level of shock even though psychologists had predicted only ___% would do so
65…1
compliance can have three effects on behavior and attitudes:
Complaince, Identification, Internalization
when we change our behaviors to obtain a reward or avoid punishment
compliance
when we change our behaviors to be liked by someone else
identification
when we change our behaviors because we privately accept the beliefs of the other person
internalization
six bases of social power that you “rarely see”
R - Reward E - Expert R - Referent L - Legitimate I - Informational C - Coercive
One’s ability to influence someone is often the result of ___ or more bases of power
2+
Which to bases of power lead to the most superficial response?
coercive and reward
Which bases of power most likely produces identification?
referent
Which bases of power most likely produces internalization?
expert, legitimate, and informational
stable responses to an entity or situation
attitude
attitude has 3 components
Affective, cognitive, behavioral
4 characteristics of communication that will most likely induce attitude change
Level of discrepancy
Order of presentation
Accidental messages
Fear arousal
when both sides of an argument are presented, a ______ effect occurs, if the second communication occurs immeidately after the first and the measure of attidue change is taken______
primacy, at a later time
when there is a period of time between the two communications and the attitude measure is administered ______ the second communicaiton, a ____ effect occurs
immediately, recency
for attitude change, level of discrepancy between communicator and receiver must be ____
moderate
___ theory focuses on the relations aong the person (P), another person (O), and a third person, idea, event, or object (X)
Balance
central and peripheral processing are part of the ____ model
elaboration likelihood
_______ has been used to increase resistance to persuasion
attitude inoculation
Frequent viewing of media violence has been linked to a tendency to judge aggressive retaliation more ____, a tendency to ____ the likelihood that one will be a victim to violence, and ____ support for harsher prison sentences
positively, overestimate, greater
the _______ model proposes that we are more likely to act aggressively when we beleive we can act anonymously
deindividuation model
The ___ hypothesis says that aggression reduces our arousal level so it decreaes the probability of acting aggressively in the near future
catharsis hyothesis
studies find that when people act aggressively towards another person, this ____ their ____ feelings towards that person as well as the likelihood that thy weill act _____ in the future
increases, negative, aggressively
threat of retaliation often ____ aggressiveness, especially when it comes from a person of _____.When coupled with ____, the likelihood of aggression ____, but it may be ____ onto someone else.
reduces, high status, provocation, increases, displaced
_______ theory describes prejudice as the result of intergroup conflucts caused by competition over limited resources and power
realiistic conflict theory
Level of racism include
Cultural,
Institutional
Interpersonal
Internalized
which level of racism is seen as the most fundamental which is seen as the best one for change to happen, as change would then spread to other levels
institutional
blatant racism seems to be decreasing, but other subtle forms of racism lke ______ is increasing.
symbolic (modern) racism
The _____ hypothesis predicts that prejudice may be reduced through contact between members of the majority and minoriy groups with certain conditions
Contact hypothesis:
1) Both who meet are equal status
2) Provide oportunities to disconfirm stereotypes held of others
3) Contact must be sanctioned by law
4) Aim for superordinate goals
Those with privilege may engage in in:
ethnocentric monoculturalism
the norm of ___ states that we should help others who have helped us
reciprocity
the norm of ____ states that we assist others even if they haven’t helped us
social responsibility
Robber’s Cave study investigated _____ with two groups of boys…separating the groups to maximize _____ cohesiveness and _____ conflict. He then added a third group who served as a ___ enemy and only the strategy of _____ goals was good enogh to get them to cooperate.
cooperation….intragroup…..intergroup……common….superordinate goals
superordinate goals have also been studied with the ______.students were divided into _____ teams and researchers found that this _____ stereotyping and improved several other factors, including academic achievement for ___ students.
jigsaw method, multiethnic, minority
unwillingness of bystanders to help in emergency situatons is due to three reasons:
Pluralistic ignorance
Evaluation apprehension
Diffusion of responsibility
if one other person has already intervened and the situation is in a rural or uncrowded area, the next person is ___ likely to intervene
more likely
B = f(P, E) refers to ____ theory
field
every psychological event depends on the state of the person and the environment at the same time
field theory
as per field theory, human ____ is a function of the ___ and the ___ and ____ environment
behavior person, physical, social
Lewin distinguished between 3 types of ________conflicts and a 4th was later added
2) avoidance-avoidance
3) approach-avoidance
choosing between two goals that both have pos and neg - usually the hardest to resolve
double approach-avoidance conflict
chosing between two equally pos goals - usuall easiest to resolve
approach-approach conflict
a single goal has both pos and neg qualities
approach-avoidance conflict
choosing betwen two equality neg goals
avoidance-avoidance conflict
crowding has ____ impact on simple tasks and ___ impact on complext tasks
little/no…..adverse
when in the movies watching an arousing, attention-grabing film people were ___ likely to say they felt crowded than when watching a boring nonarousing movie
less
the fact that a crowd can make a good experience even better and a bad one even worse is explained by the _____ hypotheis
density intensity
