Social

Question 1

you only directly test a hypothesis but not indirectly

Answer 1

congruence bias

Question 2

schemata, prototypes, and ____ influence the way we interpret the world and how we perceive/judge others

Answer 2

scripts

Question 3

more abstract form of schemata - knowledge about the most representative or ideal example of a category of people/things

Answer 3

prototype

Question 4

aka event schemas - give knowledge about the appropriate sequence of behaviors in specific social situations

Answer 4

scripts

Question 5

According to Asch, ___ and ____ are central traits because they give unique info and carry more weight

Answer 5

warm and cool

Question 6

recent research suggests that two dimensions underlie impressions of others

Answer 6

warmth and competence

Question 7

the process of determining or inferring why behavior has occurred

Answer 7

attribution

Question 8

3 types of attributions:

Answer 8

situational vs dispositional
stable vs unstable
specific vs global

Question 9

overestimating dispositional factors and underestimating situational ones is —–

Answer 9

the fundamental attribution error

Question 10

tendency for people to view victims as the cause of their own misfortune

Answer 10

belief in a just world

Question 11

tendency to make different attributions about our own behaviors and the behaviors of other

Answer 11

actor-observer effect

Question 12

tendency to blame external factors for our failures and take credit for successes

Answer 12

self-serving bias

Question 13

mental shortcuts or rules-of-thumb, to make attributions and other judgments

Answer 13

heuristic

Question 14

basing your judgment about the likelihood that a person, object, or event belongs to a category of how representative it is to that category while ignoring base rate data

Answer 14

representativeness heuristic

Question 15

judging the likelihood or frequency of an event based on how easy it is to retrieve info about the event from long-term memory

Answer 15

availability heuristic

Question 16

using a mental simulation of an event to determine the likelihood that the event will happen

Answer 16

simulation heuristic

Question 17

using an initial value as the basis for making a judgment or estimate and then adjusting up or down from that starting value

Answer 17

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Question 18

relying on case-specific information and ignoring or underusing the base rate data when estimating the likelihood of an event or characterisitc

Answer 18

base-rate fallacy

Question 19

paying attention to information that confirms your beliefs or ignore information that does not

Answer 19

confirmation bias

Question 20

overestimating the degree to which the beliefs, opinions, and behaviors of others are similar to our own

Answer 20

false consensus effect

Question 21

believing that chance is affected by the occurrence of previous events when there is actualy no relationship between events

Answer 21

gambler’s fallacy

Question 22

an innate motive that contributes to the initiation and maintenance of interpersonal relationships

Answer 22

affiliation

Question 23

affiliation has been said to be affectedby three factors:

Answer 23

anxiety, arousability, and gender

Question 24

in studying _____ and affiliation, Schachter found that highly ____ people, tended to wait with highly anxious people..this study coined the term ______

Answer 24

anxiety, anxious….misery loves miserable company

Question 25

Eysenck proposed that introverts are ___ in arousability and are likely to avoid from affiliating with others to prevent overarousing while extroverts are ___ low in arousability

Answer 25

introverts-high in arousability | extroverts - low in arousability

Question 26

Taylor highlighted that a primary stress response for women in affiliation is ______ rather than _____

Answer 26

tend-and-befriend / fight-or-flight

Question 27

women friendships more often develop out of ____ while men's develop out of _____

Answer 27

communication, shared activity

Question 28

men have greater tolerance for _____ peers and friendships last ____

Answer 28

same-sex...longer

Question 29

attraction is affected by three factors:

Answer 29

competence, similarity, reciprocity

Question 30

the law of _____ says we gravitate towards those with simiar attutides because it's more rewarding

Answer 30

attraction

Question 31

regarding infidelity, men are more concerend with _____ infidelity and women with ____ infidelity. Interestingly, studies show that physiological responses to both types of infidelity are the _____, suggesting that the differences are due to ____ expectations.

Answer 31

sexual, emotional | same, cultural

Question 32

the _______ model addresses the events that trigger strong emotions in close relationships - there's an innate mechanism that generates emotions in unpleasant situations

Answer 32

emotion-in-relationship

Question 33

why people decide to stay in or leave a relationship are explained by which two theories

Answer 33

social exchange and equity

Question 34

the sum of total beliefs that people have about themselves

Answer 34

self-concept

Question 35

accepting vague or general descriptions as accurate descriptions of themselves

Answer 35

barnum effect

Question 36

Self-perception theory is supported by Schacter's _____ studies, which examined perception of ___. They found that in ambiguos situations, people look at cues in the ____ environment to identify their ____ states.

Answer 36

epinephrine, emotion environment, internal

Question 37

when internal cues are insufficient or hard to interpret, we acquire info about ourselves by observing external behaviors or the context in which those behaviors occur

Answer 37

self-perception theory

Question 38

_____ hypothesis predicts that when an external reward is given t. o a person for perofmring an intrinsically rewarding activity, the intrinsic interest decreases. This is evidence for _____ theory.

Answer 38

overjustification hypothesis, self-perception theory

Question 39

comparing your own opinions and behaviors to others', due to lack of objective standards

Answer 39

social comparison theory

Question 40

once the self-concept is formed, we use cognitive and behavioral strategies to obtain info consistent with that self-concept

Answer 40

self-verification theory

Question 41

the strategies people use to influence how others perceive them

Answer 41

self-presentation

Question 42

people's needs and abilities to manage the impressions that others form of them

Answer 42

self-monitoring

Question 43

people are either ____ or ____ in self-monitoring.

Answer 43

high or low

Question 44

someone who's focused on hs public self is __ on self-monitoring

Answer 44

high

Question 45

someone guided by his own beliefs, values, and internal cues (privte self) is ___ in self-monitoring

Answer 45

low

Question 46

the expectation that we can perform behaviors that will produce desired outcomes

Answer 46

perceived self-control

Question 47

three factors linked to perceived self-control

Answer 47

self-efficacy, locus of control, hardiness

Question 48

the hardiness factor of perceived self-control has three characteristics:

Answer 48

commitment, challenge, and control

Question 49

using information gained from others to interprety ambigous stimuli of situations

Answer 49

informational social influence

Question 50

there is also a drive to conform, even when the stimulus is unambiguous...this is referred to as

Answer 50

normative social influence

Question 51

in Milgram's study ____% gave the most severe level of shock even though psychologists had predicted only ___% would do so

Answer 51

65...1

Question 52

compliance can have three effects on behavior and attitudes:

Answer 52

Complaince, Identification, Internalization

Question 53

when we change our behaviors to obtain a reward or avoid punishment

Answer 53

compliance

Question 54

when we change our behaviors to be liked by someone else

Answer 54

identification

Question 55

when we change our behaviors because we privately accept the beliefs of the other person

Answer 55

internalization

Question 56

six bases of social power that you "rarely see"

Answer 56

``` R - Reward E - Expert R - Referent L - Legitimate I - Informational C - Coercive ```

Question 57

One's ability to influence someone is often the result of ___ or more bases of power

Answer 57

2+

Question 58

Which to bases of power lead to the most superficial response?

Answer 58

coercive and reward

Question 59

Which bases of power most likely produces identification?

Answer 59

referent

Question 60

Which bases of power most likely produces internalization?

Answer 60

expert, legitimate, and informational

Question 61

stable responses to an entity or situation

Answer 61

attitude

Question 62

attitude has 3 components

Answer 62

Affective, cognitive, behavioral

Question 63

4 characteristics of communication that will most likely induce attitude change

Answer 63

Level of discrepancy Order of presentation Accidental messages Fear arousal

Question 64

when both sides of an argument are presented, a ______ effect occurs, if the second communication occurs immeidately after the first and the measure of attidue change is taken______

Answer 64

primacy, at a later time

Question 65

when there is a period of time between the two communications and the attitude measure is administered ______ the second communicaiton, a ____ effect occurs

Answer 65

immediately, recency

Question 66

for attitude change, level of discrepancy between communicator and receiver must be ____

Answer 66

moderate

Question 67

___ theory focuses on the relations aong the person (P), another person (O), and a third person, idea, event, or object (X)

Answer 67

Balance

Question 68

central and peripheral processing are part of the ____ model

Answer 68

elaboration likelihood

Question 69

_______ has been used to increase resistance to persuasion

Answer 69

attitude inoculation

Question 70

Frequent viewing of media violence has been linked to a tendency to judge aggressive retaliation more ____, a tendency to ____ the likelihood that one will be a victim to violence, and ____ support for harsher prison sentences

Answer 70

positively, overestimate, greater

Question 71

the _______ model proposes that we are more likely to act aggressively when we beleive we can act anonymously

Answer 71

deindividuation model

Question 72

The ___ hypothesis says that aggression reduces our arousal level so it decreaes the probability of acting aggressively in the near future

Answer 72

catharsis hyothesis

Question 73

studies find that when people act aggressively towards another person, this ____ their ____ feelings towards that person as well as the likelihood that thy weill act _____ in the future

Answer 73

increases, negative, aggressively

Question 74

threat of retaliation often ____ aggressiveness, especially when it comes from a person of _____.When coupled with ____, the likelihood of aggression ____, but it may be ____ onto someone else.

Answer 74

reduces, high status, provocation, increases, displaced

Question 75

_______ theory describes prejudice as the result of intergroup conflucts caused by competition over limited resources and power

Answer 75

realiistic conflict theory

Question 76

Level of racism include

Answer 76

Cultural, Institutional Interpersonal Internalized

Question 77

which level of racism is seen as the most fundamental which is seen as the best one for change to happen, as change would then spread to other levels

Answer 77

institutional

Question 78

blatant racism seems to be decreasing, but other subtle forms of racism lke ______ is increasing.

Answer 78

symbolic (modern) racism

Question 79

The _____ hypothesis predicts that prejudice may be reduced through contact between members of the majority and minoriy groups with certain conditions

Answer 79

Contact hypothesis: 1) Both who meet are equal status 2) Provide oportunities to disconfirm stereotypes held of others 3) Contact must be sanctioned by law 4) Aim for superordinate goals

Question 80

Those with privilege may engage in in:

Answer 80

ethnocentric monoculturalism

Question 81

the norm of ___ states that we should help others who have helped us

Answer 81

reciprocity

Question 82

the norm of ____ states that we assist others even if they haven't helped us

Answer 82

social responsibility

Question 83

Robber's Cave study investigated _____ with two groups of boys...separating the groups to maximize _____ cohesiveness and _____ conflict. He then added a third group who served as a ___ enemy and only the strategy of _____ goals was good enogh to get them to cooperate.

Answer 83

cooperation....intragroup.....intergroup......common....superordinate goals

Question 84

superordinate goals have also been studied with the ______.students were divided into _____ teams and researchers found that this _____ stereotyping and improved several other factors, including academic achievement for ___ students.

Answer 84

jigsaw method, multiethnic, minority

Question 85

unwillingness of bystanders to help in emergency situatons is due to three reasons:

Answer 85

Pluralistic ignorance Evaluation apprehension Diffusion of responsibility

Question 86

if one other person has already intervened and the situation is in a rural or uncrowded area, the next person is ___ likely to intervene

Answer 86

more likely

Question 87

B = f(P, E) refers to ____ theory

Answer 87

field

Question 88

every psychological event depends on the state of the person and the environment at the same time

Answer 88

field theory

Question 89

as per field theory, human ____ is a function of the ___ and the ___ and ____ environment

Answer 89

behavior person, physical, social

Question 90

Lewin distinguished between 3 types of ________conflicts and a 4th was later added

Answer 90

2) avoidance-avoidance | 3) approach-avoidance

Question 91

choosing between two goals that both have pos and neg - usually the hardest to resolve

Answer 91

double approach-avoidance conflict

Question 92

chosing between two equally pos goals - usuall easiest to resolve

Answer 92

approach-approach conflict

Question 93

a single goal has both pos and neg qualities

Answer 93

approach-avoidance conflict

Question 94

choosing betwen two equality neg goals

Answer 94

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Question 95

crowding has ____ impact on simple tasks and ___ impact on complext tasks

Answer 95

little/no.....adverse

Question 96

when in the movies watching an arousing, attention-grabing film people were ___ likely to say they felt crowded than when watching a boring nonarousing movie

Answer 96

less

Question 97

the fact that a crowd can make a good experience even better and a bad one even worse is explained by the _____ hypotheis

Answer 97

density intensity