Learning theory & Beh therapies Flashcards
3 types of interventions based on classical conditioning
- Counterconditoning - reciprocal inhibition–> systematic desensitization
- Aversive counterconditoning - aversion therapy and covert desensitization
- Extinction - in-vivo exposure with response prevention
Explain counterconditioning
Used to eliminate an undesirable response by pairing the stimulus that elicits that response with a stimulus that elicits an incompatible and more desirable response
Reciprocal Inhibition
Wolpe - based on counterconditioning for anxiety and fear - pairing the stimulus that elicits these responses with stimuli that elicit relaxation which eventually replaces anxiety
Systematic Desensitization was designed as an application of what?
Reciprocal inhibition
Aversive Counterconditioning
Used to eliminate self-reinforcing behaviors such as substance or paraphilias
Effective but high relapse rates
Aversion Therapy
A stimulus that elicits the self-reinforcing behavior is paired with a stimulus that elicits an unpleasant and incompatible response
Covert Sensitization
Aversion therapy conducted via IMAGINATION
ex - smoker imagines nausea and vomiting when craving to smoke
Operant conditioning is usually associated with ____ but initially broached by _____, who described which principle, which states what?
Skinner…..Thorndike…Law of Effect –> behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are strengthened and more likely to be repeated
How did Skinner extend Thorndike’s work?
Distinguished between consequences that increase or decrease a behavior and consequences that are applied or withdrawn
Presenting the CS before the US =
Forward delay conditioning…it’s the most effective
Presenting US after the CS has ended =
Forward trace conditioning
Presenting CS and US at the same time =
Forward simultaneous conditioning
Presenting the CS after the US has already started =
Backward conditioning….ineffective
Explain experimental neurosis
When you don’t know to generalize or discriminate
Gamblers are reinforced on what schedule?
Variable ratio
Name 2 issues with continuous reinforcement….describe and name a solution
Satiation occurs when reinforcer loses value and behavior easily extinguished once reinforcement stops…….switch to intermittent reinforcement – aka thinning
3 types of interventions based on operant conditioning
1) interventions based on reinforcement
2) interventions based on punishment
3) interventions based on operant extinction
Identify 2 interventions based on reinforcement and what principle are they based on?
1) Shaping and chaining, based on the premack principle
Premack principle
A high frequency behavior is used to reinforce a low frequency behavior
What else is shaping known as and describe it
Successive approximation conditioning…useful for complex behaviors
What’s a classic shaping example and who created it?
Lovas….to get autistic children to communicate verbally…first they’d be reinforced when they imitated a simple sound made by the teacher…then reinforced for imitating a word uttered by the teacher…until they verbalized sentences
Describe chaining and give an example
Used for reinforcement of complex behaviors with discrete responses that have to be ilnked together….like baking a cake
Primary difference between shaping and chaining
Shaping = the final behavior is most important and it always moves forward
Chaining = Each behavior is important as each one relies on the previous one
Techniques that rely on positive punishment
1) Physical discipline
2) Verbal reprimands
What do positive punishment techinques tend to result in?
Suppression of behavior rather than eliminate and foster aggressive behavior….also, habituation - punishment loses effects cuz person gets used to it
Techniques based on negative punishment
1) Response Cost
2) Time out
Response cost =
Taking away a SPECIFIC SOURCE of positive reinforcement following an undesirable behavior (taking away phone due to disobeying)
Time out =
Removing ALL SOURCES of positive reinforcement for a specific period of time following the targetted behavior
Criticisms of positive and negative punishments and what technique aims to rectify that?
They do nothing to establish desirable behaviors….overcorrection
Describe overcorrection and its phases
Practicing alternative behaviors as the penalty for engaging in the target behavior
Restitution Phase - Person corrects consequences of behavior (clean up messy room)
Positive Practice Phase - Practices appropriate behavior - clean up family room after done cleaning own room
Intervention using operant extinction
Removing all reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior
Problems with operant extinction
Exinction burst- temporary increase b4 decrease
Also, it eliminates a behavior wthout alternative ones - techinque for this is differential reinforcement
Describe and give ex of differential reinforcement
Combination of positive reinforcement and extinction
ex-reinforce a child every 15 min she reads and doesn’t bite nails
Insight learning
Gestalt therapist Kohler- - chimps in cages with sticks to get food
Observational/Social learning theory, guided participation, and self-efficacy
Need 4 processes: Memory, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation
Treated phobics with modeling (known as guided participation) and their self-efficacy (beliefs about their own abilities) was important to progress
1) Prompts
2) Fading
3) S Delta
1) Verbal/physical cues that facilitate the acquisition of a new behavior
2) Taking away a discriminative stimulus
3) usually reserved for situations you won’t get reinforced in
Learned helplessness…abramsons new version
Seligman - depression related to uncontrollable negative events attributed to global, stable, and internal traits of those events…new version ascribes depression to hopelessness
Reciprocal determinism
Bandura - three factors influence behavior: the environment, the individual, and the behavior itself
Cognitive profile
the triad…self, world, and future
Because of its collaborative approach, cognitive therapy is based on
Collaborative empiricism
1) Treating Raynaud’s disease
2) Treating migraines
1) Thermal biofeedback
2) Thermal biofeedback + autogenic training
Stress inoculation Processes
1) cognitive preparation
2) skills acquisiton and rehearsal
3) application and follow-through
Self-instructional training and 5 steps:
CBT technique for hyperactive kids
1) Cognitive Modeling - model does all
2) Cognitive Participant modeling - pt does all except talk
3) Overt-Self Instruction - pt does all and talks aloud
4) Fading Overt-Self Instruction - pt does all and whispers
5) Covert Self-Instruction - pt does all and covertly repeats instructions
Matching law
Using two concurrent schedules of reinforcement for a different response…the organism will adjuts to each reinforcer accordingly
Latent learning
Attributed to Tolman who used cognitive maps in rats to show learning can occur w/o reinforcement
Blocking
when the CS blocks an association between a second NS and the US when the CS and the 2NS are presented together prior to the US
Lewinsohn Behavioral model
Attributes depression to low rate of response-contingent reinforcement due to inadequate reinforcing stimuli
Self-Control Therapy (Rhem) and its three aspects
Brief and usually group format:
1) Self-Monitoring
2) Self-Evaluation
3) Self-Reinforcement
Thought stopping and covert assertion
Yelling “stop” when unwanted thoughts are present followed by making alternative self-statements
Attribution retraining
Seligman - learning to attribute success to stable, global, and internal traits and failures to unstable, specific, and external traits
Guided participation and self-efficacy is attributed to what theory and whom?
social learning/observational learning…bandura
behaviorist vs cognitive-behaviorist view on the cause of depression
beh - not enough reinforcement in the environment
cog-beh - maladaptive thinking
