Learning theory & Beh therapies Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of interventions based on classical conditioning

A
  1. Counterconditoning - reciprocal inhibition–> systematic desensitization
  2. Aversive counterconditoning - aversion therapy and covert desensitization
  3. Extinction - in-vivo exposure with response prevention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain counterconditioning

A

Used to eliminate an undesirable response by pairing the stimulus that elicits that response with a stimulus that elicits an incompatible and more desirable response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition

A

Wolpe - based on counterconditioning for anxiety and fear - pairing the stimulus that elicits these responses with stimuli that elicit relaxation which eventually replaces anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Systematic Desensitization was designed as an application of what?

A

Reciprocal inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Aversive Counterconditioning

A

Used to eliminate self-reinforcing behaviors such as substance or paraphilias

Effective but high relapse rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

A stimulus that elicits the self-reinforcing behavior is paired with a stimulus that elicits an unpleasant and incompatible response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Covert Sensitization

A

Aversion therapy conducted via IMAGINATION

ex - smoker imagines nausea and vomiting when craving to smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Operant conditioning is usually associated with ____ but initially broached by _____, who described which principle, which states what?

A

Skinner…..Thorndike…Law of Effect –> behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are strengthened and more likely to be repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How did Skinner extend Thorndike’s work?

A

Distinguished between consequences that increase or decrease a behavior and consequences that are applied or withdrawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Presenting the CS before the US =

A

Forward delay conditioning…it’s the most effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Presenting US after the CS has ended =

A

Forward trace conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Presenting CS and US at the same time =

A

Forward simultaneous conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Presenting the CS after the US has already started =

A

Backward conditioning….ineffective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain experimental neurosis

A

When you don’t know to generalize or discriminate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gamblers are reinforced on what schedule?

A

Variable ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name 2 issues with continuous reinforcement….describe and name a solution

A

Satiation occurs when reinforcer loses value and behavior easily extinguished once reinforcement stops…….switch to intermittent reinforcement – aka thinning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 types of interventions based on operant conditioning

A

1) interventions based on reinforcement
2) interventions based on punishment
3) interventions based on operant extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Identify 2 interventions based on reinforcement and what principle are they based on?

A

1) Shaping and chaining, based on the premack principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Premack principle

A

A high frequency behavior is used to reinforce a low frequency behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What else is shaping known as and describe it

A

Successive approximation conditioning…useful for complex behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What’s a classic shaping example and who created it?

A

Lovas….to get autistic children to communicate verbally…first they’d be reinforced when they imitated a simple sound made by the teacher…then reinforced for imitating a word uttered by the teacher…until they verbalized sentences

22
Q

Describe chaining and give an example

A

Used for reinforcement of complex behaviors with discrete responses that have to be ilnked together….like baking a cake

23
Q

Primary difference between shaping and chaining

A

Shaping = the final behavior is most important and it always moves forward

Chaining = Each behavior is important as each one relies on the previous one

24
Q

Techniques that rely on positive punishment

A

1) Physical discipline

2) Verbal reprimands

25
What do positive punishment techinques tend to result in?
Suppression of behavior rather than eliminate and foster aggressive behavior....also, habituation - punishment loses effects cuz person gets used to it
26
Techniques based on negative punishment
1) Response Cost | 2) Time out
27
Response cost =
Taking away a SPECIFIC SOURCE of positive reinforcement following an undesirable behavior (taking away phone due to disobeying)
28
Time out =
Removing ALL SOURCES of positive reinforcement for a specific period of time following the targetted behavior
29
Criticisms of positive and negative punishments and what technique aims to rectify that?
They do nothing to establish desirable behaviors....overcorrection
30
Describe overcorrection and its phases
Practicing alternative behaviors as the penalty for engaging in the target behavior Restitution Phase - Person corrects consequences of behavior (clean up messy room) Positive Practice Phase - Practices appropriate behavior - clean up family room after done cleaning own room
31
Intervention using operant extinction
Removing all reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior
32
Problems with operant extinction
Exinction burst- temporary increase b4 decrease Also, it eliminates a behavior wthout alternative ones - techinque for this is differential reinforcement
33
Describe and give ex of differential reinforcement
Combination of positive reinforcement and extinction ex-reinforce a child every 15 min she reads and doesn't bite nails
34
Insight learning
Gestalt therapist Kohler- - chimps in cages with sticks to get food
35
Observational/Social learning theory, guided participation, and self-efficacy
Need 4 processes: Memory, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation Treated phobics with modeling (known as guided participation) and their self-efficacy (beliefs about their own abilities) was important to progress
36
1) Prompts 2) Fading 3) S Delta
1) Verbal/physical cues that facilitate the acquisition of a new behavior 2) Taking away a discriminative stimulus 3) usually reserved for situations you won't get reinforced in
37
Learned helplessness...abramsons new version
Seligman - depression related to uncontrollable negative events attributed to global, stable, and internal traits of those events...new version ascribes depression to hopelessness
38
Reciprocal determinism
Bandura - three factors influence behavior: the environment, the individual, and the behavior itself
39
Cognitive profile
the triad...self, world, and future
40
Because of its collaborative approach, cognitive therapy is based on
Collaborative empiricism
41
1) Treating Raynaud's disease | 2) Treating migraines
1) Thermal biofeedback | 2) Thermal biofeedback + autogenic training
42
Stress inoculation Processes
1) cognitive preparation 2) skills acquisiton and rehearsal 3) application and follow-through
43
Self-instructional training and 5 steps:
CBT technique for hyperactive kids 1) Cognitive Modeling - model does all 2) Cognitive Participant modeling - pt does all except talk 3) Overt-Self Instruction - pt does all and talks aloud 4) Fading Overt-Self Instruction - pt does all and whispers 5) Covert Self-Instruction - pt does all and covertly repeats instructions
44
Matching law
Using two concurrent schedules of reinforcement for a different response...the organism will adjuts to each reinforcer accordingly
45
Latent learning
Attributed to Tolman who used cognitive maps in rats to show learning can occur w/o reinforcement
46
Blocking
when the CS blocks an association between a second NS and the US when the CS and the 2NS are presented together prior to the US
47
Lewinsohn Behavioral model
Attributes depression to low rate of response-contingent reinforcement due to inadequate reinforcing stimuli
48
Self-Control Therapy (Rhem) and its three aspects
Brief and usually group format: 1) Self-Monitoring 2) Self-Evaluation 3) Self-Reinforcement
49
Thought stopping and covert assertion
Yelling "stop" when unwanted thoughts are present followed by making alternative self-statements
50
Attribution retraining
Seligman - learning to attribute success to stable, global, and internal traits and failures to unstable, specific, and external traits
51
Guided participation and self-efficacy is attributed to what theory and whom?
social learning/observational learning...bandura
52
behaviorist vs cognitive-behaviorist view on the cause of depression
beh - not enough reinforcement in the environment cog-beh - maladaptive thinking