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8th and 9th Grade > SS Test 10/31 > Flashcards

SS Test 10/31 Flashcards

1
Q

What rivers are in Mesopotamia?

A

Tigris and Euphrates

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2
Q

How was flooding in Mesopotamia characterized?

A

Unpredictable, they thought the gods were out to get them.

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3
Q

What are Sumerian city-states?

A

Powerful individual cities that prioritized their own interests over the country as a whole.

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4
Q

What is a ziggurat?

A

A tiered pyramid built in honor of gods.

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5
Q

How did geographic factors impact Mesopotamia?

A

Silt from flooding made the land fertile, but a lack of natural barriers led to invasions.

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6
Q

What is cuneiform?

A

The first written language.

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7
Q

What was Hammurabi’s Code?

A

The first universal code of law, known for its harsh penalties, based on the “eye for an eye” concept.

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8
Q

Who was Darius

A

A persian ruler known for his tolerance of other cultures.

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9
Q

What were the Royal Roads in Persia?

A

A network of 4,000 miles of roads for transporting goods and troops.

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10
Q

What is a satrap?

A

Provincial government. Divided the empire into sections that were ruled by governors loyal to the emperor

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11
Q

What was the Assyrian attitude towards war?

A

They strongly believed in war and victory.

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12
Q

What innovation did the Hittites bring?

A

They were the first to make iron weapons, replacing copper.

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13
Q

What significant contribution did the Phoenicians make?

A

They developed the phonetic alphabet with 22 letters.

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14
Q

How did the Nile River benefit Egypt?

A

It provided annual flooding that watered crops, but could also lead to damage.

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15
Q

What type of government was a theocracy?

A

A government ruled by religious leaders.

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16
Q

Name two major cities in the Indus River Valley.

A

Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.

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17
Q

What advanced feature did Indus cities have?

A

Organized city layouts with plumbing.

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18
Q

What were monsoon winds?

A

Seasonal winds that affected the climate and agriculture of the Indus Valley.

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19
Q

Describe Confucianism.

A

A philosophy based on five key relationships and respect for hierarchy. About passing on knowledge and being/having good role models

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20
Q

What is the Mandate of Heaven?

A

The belief that the emperor’s right to rule is granted by the gods and that he can be overthrown if he rules unjustly.

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21
Q

What was significant about the Qin Dynasty?

A

It unified China but was known for harsh legalism.

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22
Q

What major invention did the Han Dynasty contribute?

A

The invention of paper, which spread education.

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23
Q

What are the three major river valleys of early civilizations?

A

Mesopotamia, Indus River Valley, and Egypt.

24
Q

Name the eight early civilizations.

A

Sumer, Babylon, Persia, Assyria, Hittites, Phoenicians, China, and Indus River Valley.

25
Q

What are the two major cities of the Indus River Valley?

A

Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.

26
Q

What important technological advancement was found in Indus cities?

A

Advanced plumbing and drainage systems.

27
Q

What type of climate influenced the Indus River Valley civilization?

A

Monsoon climate, which caused predictable seasonal flooding.

28
Q

What does the term “subcontinent” refer to in the context of the Indus River Valley?

A

A large landmass that is geographically distinct, surrounded by natural barriers.

29
Q

What was the religious belief system of the Indus Valley civilization?

A

Polytheistic

30
Q

How did the Nile River benefit Egyptian agriculture?

A

It provided predictable annual flooding that deposited nutrient-rich silt.

31
Q

What was the concept of “Ma’at” in Ancient Egyptian society?

A

It represented truth, balance, and order, essential for maintaining cosmic harmony.

32
Q

Who were the “viziers” in Ancient Egypt?

A

High-ranking officials who served as advisors to the Pharaoh and oversaw government operations.

33
Q

What is “papyrus” and why was it important?

A

A plant used to make paper-like material for writing

34
Q

Describe the Egyptian belief in the afterlife.

A

Egyptians believed in an afterlife where one’s heart would be weighed against a feather to determine fate.

35
Q

What were “sphinxes” and their significance?

A

Mythical creatures with the body of a lion and the head of a human, symbolizing strength and wisdom.

36
Q

How did the social hierarchy in Ancient Egypt function?

A

Pharaoh at the top, followed by nobles, priests, scribes, artisans, and farmers.

37
Q

What was the role of women in Ancient Egyptian society?

A

Owned property, initiated divorce, and engage in business

38
Q

What were the “Book of the Dead” and its significance?

A

A collection of spells and texts intended to guide the deceased through the afterlife.

39
Q

What was the Civil Service Examination System?

A

A method of recruiting civil officials based on merit and skill rather than connections.

40
Q

What were the “Five Studies” tested in the civil service exams?

A
  1. Military strategy
  2. Civil law
  3. Revenue and taxation
  4. Agriculture
  5. Geography
41
Q

How did the civil service examination system reflect the Han Dynasty’s “Golden Age”?

A

Promoted stability through a merit-based system, ensuring qualified officials.

42
Q

What was the significance of the Silk Roads?

A

They were trade routes connecting the Mediterranean to East Asia

43
Q

How did the Silk Road reflect the Han Dynasty’s “Golden Age”?

A

Increased trade and government stability promoted economic growth.

44
Q

Where did silk spread, and why was it valuable?

A

Spread to regions like Rome and Greece; it was valued for its rarity and luxury, often likened to gold.

45
Q

What was the Roman response to the popularity of silk?

A

Politicians tried to ban silk due to its expense and perceived immorality.

46
Q

What evidence supports the Han Dynasty’s “Golden Age” in terms of prosperity and stability?

A

The civil service system and secure trade routes promoted economic growth and effective governance.

47
Q

Bureaucracy

A

A body of government officials who are not elected but form an administrative policy making group

48
Q

Qin Dynasty used ____________

A

Legalism

49
Q

Han Dynasty used __________

A

Confucianism

50
Q

What were 3 key concepts of Persians

A

Tolerance, Royal Road system, satraps

51
Q

Women’s role in Persia

A

The king’s eyes and ears, got information from people.

52
Q

Where is the Fertile crescent

A

Mesopotamia

53
Q

What are the 5 key relationships are confucianism

A
  1. Ruler and subject
  2. Father and son
  3. Elder brother and younger brother
  4. Husband and wife
  5. Friend and friend
54
Q

What are the three river valleys

A

Indus River Valley, Mesopotamia, Egypt

55
Q

What do the peasants do

A

Farming

56
Q

Where is the Indus River Valley

A

Northwest India

57
Q

Describe the Indus River Valley

A

Organized grid system, plumbing,

8th and 9th Grade (28 decks)

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