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8th and 9th Grade > Chapter 1 SS Test > Flashcards

Chapter 1 SS Test Flashcards

1
Q

How many years ago did groups or people in different parts of the world begin to keep written records

A

5000

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2
Q

The invention and use of writing marked ________________________

A

The beginning of recorded history

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3
Q

Prehistory

A

The long period of time before people started writing

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4
Q

Historians

A

Scholars who study and write about the historical past

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5
Q

Artifacts

A

Objects made by humans

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6
Q

What kinds of evidence do historians use to study the past?

A

Artifacts (clothing, coins, artwork, tombstones) and written evidence (letters, tax records)

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7
Q

Anthropology

A

The study of prehistory, and about the origins and development of people and their societies

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8
Q

Culture

A

The way of life in a society, including its beliefs, values, and practices

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9
Q

Archaeology

A

The study of past people and cultures through their material remains

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10
Q

Did prehistoric groups have cities, countries, organized central governments, or complex inventions?

A

No, which is why clues about them were hard to find

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11
Q

Hominids

A

A group that include humans and their closest relatives that all walk upright on two feet

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12
Q

What was the turning point in prehistory

A

The introduction of agriculture

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13
Q

What is the turning point called

A

The Neolithic Revolution

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14
Q

When was the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic Period

A

2 million B.C. to about 10,000 B.C.

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15
Q

When was the New Stone Age or Neolithic Period

A

10,000 B.C. until the end of prehistory

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16
Q

What were early modern people called

A

Nomads

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17
Q

What is a nomad

A

Someone who moves from place to place to find food

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18
Q

What did both periods of time use

A

Stone tools

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19
Q

What happened during the middle of the Old Stone Age

A

Spoken language was developed

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20
Q

What happened during the end of the Old Stone Age

A

Beliefs in a spiritual world and afterlife

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21
Q

What is animism

A

The belief that spirits and forces might reside in animal, objects, or dreams

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22
Q

What did the New Stone Age begin with

A

Farming

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23
Q

Domesticate meaning

A

To raise in a controlled way that makes them best suited to human use.

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24
Q

Who were the first humans to domesticate plants and animals.

A

Early farmers

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25
Q

Where were the earliest villages established

A

Çatalhüyük and Jericho

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26
Q

What happened when food was scarce

A

Warfare increased

27
Q

Elite warriors asserted __________ over others in society

A

Power

28
Q

To farm successfully, people had to _______________

A

develop new technologies.

29
Q

Why did they need to measure time accurately

A

To know when to plant and harvest

30
Q

Cave Lamps

A

Paleolithic artists creates light in the caves by burning animal in lamps

31
Q

Where did all the earliest civilizations develop

A

Near major rivers (Asia and Africa)

32
Q

Where did the earliest American civilizations develop

A

Away from river valleys

33
Q

How did rivers help farming

A

Floodwaters spread silt.

34
Q

What is silt

A

Tiny bits of rock and dirt from the river bottom - across the valleys, renewing the soil and keeping it fertile.

35
Q

What does a traditional economy rely on

A

Habit, custom, or ritual and tends not to change over time.

36
Q

What is the main feature of civilizations

A

The rise of cities

37
Q

Civilization

A

A complex, highly organized social order

38
Q

Complex

A

made up of many interrelated parts

39
Q

Where did civilizations emerge

A

in the highlands of Peru, Mexico, and Central America, where people learned to farm on the sides of mountains or to fill in swamps with land for farming

40
Q

Steppe

A

sparse, dry, grasslands

41
Q

Major features of all early civilizations:

A
  1. Organized governments
  2. Complex religions
  3. Job specialization
  4. Social classes
  5. Arts and architecture
  6. Public works
  7. Writing
42
Q

Who ruled many of the world’s farming villages

A

Councils of elders or chiefs

43
Q

Polytheistic

A

Believing in many gods

44
Q

Cities

A

population centers that are notable larger and more organized than towns or villages and that support the other features of civilizations

45
Q

Organized Governments

A

structured governments that coordinate large-scale projects such as food production or construction, establish laws, and organize defense systems

46
Q

Complex Religions

A

systems of religious beliefs that usually include rituals and worship of one or more gods and/or goddesses

47
Q

Job Specialization

A

System in which there are different types of jobs and each worker focuses on one particular type

48
Q

Social Classes

A

ranked groups within society that are determined by job or economic standing

49
Q

Arts and Architecture

A

various types of artwork and buildings that express the talents, beliefs, and values of people in a society

50
Q

Public Works

A

large-scale and often costly projects that benefit the city and its people

51
Q

Where is the oldest stone bridge

A

Jerwan, Iraq

52
Q

What was the first step towards developing writing

A

Using pictographs/pictograms

53
Q

Pictogram

A

a simple drawing that looks like the object it represents

54
Q

Cultural diffusion

A

the spread of ideas or customs from one group to another

55
Q

What led to the rise of city-states

A

Ancient rulers gaining more power and conquering territories beyond the boundaries of their cities

56
Q

What led to the creation of empires

A

Ambitious rulers conquering many cities and villages

57
Q

Empire

A

a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler

58
Q

What did building empires help do

A

End war between neighboring communities and created common bonds among people

59
Q

City-state

A

An independent city, which has its own government, but shares cultural connections with nearby cities

60
Q

Turning point in history

A

A time or an event in which a significant and lasting change occurs

61
Q

Monotheistic

A

Believing in one god

62
Q

Theocracy

A

Government that is controlled by religious laws and priests. Government and religion are mixed together. Example: The king came from the gods

63
Q

Role of priests

A

They are the only one who could talk to the gods, and held a great position of power

64
Q

Ziggurat

A

Large Temple in center of City-State. Home of the priests, and there people came to worship their gods.

8th and 9th Grade (25 decks)

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