SPIRITUALITY Flashcards by Bianca Balandra

is generally thought
to refer to the human
tendency to seek
meaning & purpose in
life, inner peace and
acceptance,
forgiveness and
harmony, hope,
beauty, and so forth.

spirituality

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is usually
applied to
ritualistic
practices &
organized
beliefs.

religion

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a person who
doubts the existence
of God or a Supreme
Being or believes the
existence of God has
not been proved

agnostic

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is one without belief
in a deity.

atheist

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refers to “a disturbance in the belief or value
system that provides strength, hope, and
meaning to life”

spiritual distress

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often portrayed as the opposite
of spiritual distress ; thought to not
occur by chance, but by choice ; results when individuals intentionally seek to strengthen their spiritual muscles

spiritual health/wellness/well-being

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It refers to the spiritual beliefs
or ways of thinking that help
people cope with their
challenges.

spiritual/religious coping

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Theories about human development
include not just theories about physical, cognitive, & moral development, but also spiritual development ; necessary to
appreciate how spirituality & religiosity
evolve with age & life experience ; evaluating the beliefs and religiosity of authority figures to form beliefs & practices that are meaningful for them.

spiritual development

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what are the religious practices that nurses should know

holy days
sacred texts
sacred symbols
prayer
meditation
types of prayer
beliefs affecting diet
beliefs related to birth and death
beliefs about illness and healing
beliefs about dress and modesty

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Solemn religious observances &
feast days throughout the year ; reflections, rituals, and prayer

holy days

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Concept of Sabbath is common to both Christians & Jews, in response to biblical commandment “Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy.” ; Lord’s day

sacred texts

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include jewelry,
medals, amulets, icons, totems, or
body ornamentation (e.g., tattoos)
that carry religious or spiritual
significance. ; worn to pronounce one’s faith, remind, provide, protect, be a source of comfort or strength

sacred symbols

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Involves humans pleading or
experiencing the divine ; Inner experience for gaining
awareness of self

prayer

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The act of focusing one’s thoughts or
engaging in self-reflection or
contemplation

meditation

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what are the types of prayer

ritual
petitionary
colloquial
meditational

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Many religions have
prescriptions regarding diet ; There may be rules about
which foods & beverages are
allowed and which are prohibited

beliefs affecting diet

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Clients may have religious
beliefs that attribute illness to a
spiritual disease or sin ; others may believe the disease is a punishment in their past

beliefs about illness and healing

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Many religions have traditions that
dictate dress.

beliefs about dress and modesty

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these women cover their
hair with a wig or scarf as a sign of
respect to God.

orthodox jewish

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these may wear temple
undergarments in compliance with
religious dictates.

mormons

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For some, it is imperative that they not
shave certain hair (e.g., sideburns)

hasidic jewish

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imperative that they not shave any hair

khalsa (dedicated) sikh

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For all religions the
birth of a child is an
important event giving
cause for celebration.

beliefs related to birth

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Spiritual & religious beliefs play a significant role
in the believer’s approach to death ; Many believe that the person who dies transcends
this life for a better place or state of being

beliefs related to death

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how filipinos respond to stress or getting ill

denial fatalistic resignation

initial response to discomfort “Pagwawalang Bahala”.

denial

“Bahala Na”.

fatalistic resignation

Other Responses to Stress or Getting ILL

shock fear and anxiety shame and guilt

Factors Affecting Spiritual Needs

crisis support system religion hospitalization during religious days

Rituals, practices, and experiences involving a search for the sacred ; Shared within a group ; formal, organized, group, ritualistic, objective

religion

A search for meaning and purpose in life ; Seeks to understand life’s ultimate questions in relation to the sacred ; informal, non-organized, self-reflection, experience, subejctive

spirituality

Active and ongoing conversation that assesses the spiritual needs of the client.

spiritual assessment

Addressing the spiritual needs of the client as they unfold through spiritual assessment.

spiritual care

two techniques of spiritual assessment

formal informal

meaning of FICA spiritual assessment tool

faith and beliefs importance and influence community address

it is a non-formal yet systematic approach

FICA spiritual assessment tool

it is a formal instrument

daily spiritual experiences scale

nirvana ; altar for worship ; illness is the result of past and current life actions ; right hand is holy ; soul has no beginning or end ; karma should leave this life with as little negativity ; vegetarians, fasting

hinduism

mohammed ; prayer is 5 times a a day ; facing east toward the Mecca ; women are modest ; one of the fastest growing religious groups in the US ; death is predetermined by Allah ; consumption of pork or alcohol is prohibited

islam

focused around the old and new testament ; GOD ; illness is a natural process ; miracles, memorial services ; no special or universal food beliefs

christianity

includes religious beliefs and a philosophy for a code of ethics with 4 major groupings ; restrictions ; psalms and the last prayer of confession ; othodox or kosher

judaism

words that are often used interchange- ably by clients and professionals alike, yet the nursing literature typically distinguishes them as separate concepts

spirituality and religion

is an intuitive, interpersonal, altruistic, and integrative expression that is contingent on the nurse’s awareness of the transcendent dimension of life but that reflects the client’s reality. At its foundational level, spiritual nursing care is an expression of self.

spiritual nursing care

A normal part of this development for teens and young adults involves evaluating the beliefs and religiosity of authority figures to form beliefs and practices that are meaningful for them

spiritual development

who offered the guidelines for nurses in religious practice

winslow and wehtje-winslow (2007)

what is common to both christians and jews

concept of sabbath

chirstians observe _ on sunday

Lord's day

Muslims traditionally gather on __ at __ to worship and learn about their faith.

friday at noon

People may wear ____ at all times, and they may wish to wear them when they are undergoing diagnostic studies, medical treatment, or surgery.

religious symbols

muslims carry a ___ for prayer

mala or string of prayer beads

(e.g., Hail Mary, memorized prayers that can be repeated)

ritual

(e.g., “God, cure me!” or intercessory prayers when one is requesting something of the divine).

petitionary

(i.e., conversational prayers).

colloquial

(e.g., moments of silence focused on nothing, a meaningful phrase, or a certain aspect of the divine).

meditation

orthodox jews are not to eat

shellfish or pork

muslims are not to drink and eat

alcoholic beverages and pork

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) are not to drink

caffeinated or alcoholic beverages

Older Catholics may choose not to eat

meat on fridays

Buddhists and Hindus are often __, not wanting to take life to support life.

vegetarian

many Jewish people require __ food, which is food prepared according to Jewish law

kosher

Orthodox and some Conservative Jewish men believe that it is important to have their heads covered at all times and therefore wear

yarmulkes

while a baby is being born, its Muslim __ may recite a prayer

mother

As soon as it is born, its ___ will recite a call to prayer into the infant’s ears.

father or someone else

will perform a number of religious rituals when a baby is born.

hindus

will have their babies christened or baptized at some point; however, for some, if their infant is dying, they may want a baptism as soon as possible.

christian parents

Roman Catholic priests and orthodox christians perform the ___ when clients are very ill or near death

Sacrament of the Sick (previously referred to as the Last Rites)

Muslims who are dying want their body or head turned toward ___, whereas Hindus may want to face __.

mecca ; south

Jews and Muslims have a tradition of __ within 24 hours following death.

burial

___ cremate the body within 24 hours. Then the bereaved family observes a period of isolation given their defilement from living with the deceased.

hindus

Jews __ (gather to pay respects) for several days in the home of the deceased.

sit Shiva (gather to pay respects)

perform prayers and rituals to aid the deceased to a better next life

buddhists

mandates that each client admitted to one of its accredited institutions must be assessed for spiritual beliefs and practices.

joint commission

It is assumed that ___ can be assessed, and that nurses are appropriate clinicians for conducting an initial or relatively superficial level of assessment.

spirituality

Nurses, as _____, must be extremely cautious when judging a client’s spiritual health and applying a diagnosis that could be inappropriate.

spiritual care generalists

a state of suffering related to the impaired ability to experience meaning in life through connections with self, others, the world, or a superior being

spiritual distress

recognizes that spiritual well-being is a “pattern of experiencing and integrating meaning and purpose in life through connectedness with self, others, art, music, literature, nature, and/or a power greater than oneself, which can be strengthened

Readiness for Enhanced Spiritual Well- Being

defined by NANDA as being “vulnerable to an impaired ability to experience and integrate meaning and purpose in life through connectedness with self, literature, nature, and/or a power greater than oneself, which may com- promise health”.

Risk for Spiritual Distress

Impaired ability to exercise reliance on beliefs and/or participate in rituals of a particular faith tradition

Impaired Religiosity

Vulnerable to an impaired ability to exercise reliance on religious beliefs and/or participate in rituals of a particular faith tradition, which may compromise health

Risk for Impaired Religiosity

related to illness and hospitalization “A pattern of reliance on religious beliefs and/or participation in rituals of a particular faith tradition, which can be strengthened”.

Readiness for Enhanced Religiosity

may affect other areas of functioning and indicate other diagnoses

spiritual distress

In these instances, spiritual distress becomes the __

etiology

the nurse identifies therapeutics to support or promote spiritual health in the context of illness.

planning phase

includes actions as diverse as recognizing and validating the inner resources of an individual, such as coping methods, humor, motivation, self- determination, positive attitude, and optimism

implementing ; spiritual nursing care

a term describing the art of being present, or just being with a client during an “existential moment”

presencing

identified four levels or ways of being present for clients

Osterman and Schwartz-Barcott (1996)

when a nurse is physically present but not focused on the client

Presence

when a nurse is physically present and attending to some task on the client’s behalf but not relating to the client on any but the most superficial level

Partial presence

when a nurse is mentally, emotionally, and physically present; intentionally focusing on the client

Full presence

when a nurse is physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually present for a client; involves a transpersonal and transforming experience

Transcendent presence

nurses can provide a healing response by incorporating principles of

empathic communication

can be made for hospitalized clients and their families through the hospital chaplain’s office if one is available.

refferals

Just as there is a question regarding the appropriateness of using the prescriptive nursing process to frame spiritual care, caution is needed when discussing the evaluation of spiritual care.

evaluating