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NCM 101 > PAIN LECTURE > Flashcards

PAIN LECTURE Flashcards

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1
Q

An unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience, which we primarily associate
with tissue damage or describe in terms of
such damage, or both (IASP, 1994;
Ranney, 2008).”

The fifth vital sign

A

pain

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2
Q

Melzack and Wall (1965) emphasized the
importance of the central nervous system
mechanisms of pain

A

gate control model

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3
Q

Peripheral nerve endings stimulated by
source of pain which transmit the sensations
to the central nervous system.

A

nociceptors

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4
Q

types of stimuli

A

mechanical
thermal
chemical

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5
Q

types of physiologic process in nociception

A

transduction
tranmission
modulation
perception

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6
Q

results in tissue injury or
damage stimulating the
nociceptors

A

transduction

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7
Q

initiate
painful stimulus resulting in inflammatory
process to release of cytokines and
neuropeptides

A

noxious stimuli

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8
Q

Initiated by this
inflammatory process,
resulting in the conduction
of an impulse in the
primary afferent neurons
to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

A

transmission

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9
Q

Inhibits pain message and
involves the body’s own
endogenous
neurotransmitters in the
course of processing the pain stimuli

A

modulation

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10
Q

Inhibits pain message and
involves the body’s own
endogenous
neurotransmitters in the
course of processing the pain stimuli

A

perception

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11
Q

this controls body
temperature during stress

A

diaphoresis

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12
Q

this causes
elevation in blood pressure with shift of
blood supply from the periphery and
viscera to the skeletal muscles and brain

A

peripheral vasoconstriction

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13
Q

this causes blood supply to shift
away from the periphery

A

pallor

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14
Q

this results from fatigue

A

muscle tension

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15
Q

this causes the
body defenses to fail under prolonged
stress of pain

A

rapid, irregular breathing

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16
Q

Pain elicits a stress response in the human
body triggering the sympathetic nervous
system resulting in

A

physiologic responses

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17
Q

classification of pain

A

acute pain
chronic nonmalignant pain
cancer pain

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18
Q

this is usually associated with
a recent injury

A

acute pain

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19
Q

this is
usually associated with a specific cause or
injury and described as a constant pain
that persists for more than six months so
an example is back pain

A

chronic nonmalignant pain

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20
Q

This is often due to the
compression of peripheral nerves or
meninges or from the damage to these
structures following surgery,
chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or
tumor growth and infiltration

A

cancer pain

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21
Q

classfication pf pain location

A

cutaneous pain
visceral pain
deep somatic pain

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22
Q

is usually on the skin or
subcutaneous tissue

A

cutaneous pain

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23
Q

usually in the abdominal
cavity thorax and cranium

A

visceral pain

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24
Q

usually in the ligaments tendons bones
blood vessels and nerves

A

deep somatic pain

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25
Q

Can be perceived in
nerves left by a missing amputated or
paralyzed body part

A

phantom pain

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26
Q

causes an abnormal
processing of pain messages and results
from past damage to peripheral or
central nerves due to sustained
neurochemical levels. Exact mechanisms for
the perception of neuropathic pain are
still unclear

A

neuropathic pain

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27
Q

defined by its high resistance to pain
relief so in this case many patients may
have opioid addiction

A

intractable pain

28
Q

7 dimensions of pain

A

physical
sensory
behavioral
sociocultural
cognitive
affective
spiritual

29
Q

effect of anatomic structure and
physiological functioning on the experience
of pain

A

physical

30
Q

This dimension concerns the quality of the
pain and how severe the pain is perceived
to be. This dimension includes the patient’s
perception of the pain’s location intensity
and quality

A

sensory

31
Q

verbal and nonverbal
behaviors associated with pain

A

behavioral

32
Q

effect of social and cultural
backgrounds on the experience of pain
→ influences of the patient’s social context
and cultural background on the patient’s
pain experience

A

sociocultural

33
Q

thoughts, beliefs, attitudes,
intentions, and motivations related t

A

cognitive

34
Q

feelings and emotions that result
from pain

A

affective

35
Q

ultimate meaning and purpose
attributed to pain, self, others, and the
divine

A

spiritual

36
Q

Was developed by Baker and Wong in
1987
→ Question the child
→ Use pain rating scales

A

questt principles for pain in children

37
Q

pain is a special category of pain
because it may reflect all of the pain types
at the same time or at different times
during the course of the disease

may be caused by the cancer
its treatment or its metastasis

A

cancer pain

38
Q

a subjective phenomenon and thus
the main assessment lies in the client’s
reporting

A

pain

39
Q

this type of culture uses mind over body, have positive thinking, pain is honorable ; caused by past transgressions and helps to atone and achieve higher spirituality

A

asian and asian american

40
Q

for this culture, pain is a challenge to be fought, inevitable, and is to be endured, stigmatized resulting in inhibition in expressing pain or seeking help, punishment from God

A

african-american cultures

41
Q

for them pain must be endured as part of preparing for the next life in the cycle of reincarnation ; remain conscious when nearing death

A

hindu culture

42
Q

for them pain is to be endured ; not ask for medication due to respect for caregivers who should know their neeeds

A

native american culture

43
Q

their pain response if often very expressive though pain must be endured to perform gender role duties ; pain is natural but may be a result of sinful or immoral behavior

A

hispanic culture

44
Q

for them pain is expressed openly with much complaining, pain must be shared, recognized, and validated by others

A

jewish culture

45
Q

occurs because heat loss mechanisms are unable to keep pace with excessive heat production, resulting in an abnormal rise in body temperature

A

pyrexia

46
Q

based on several temp readings at different times of the day

A

fever determination

47
Q

act as antigen, triggering the immune system responses ; hypothalamus reacts to raise the set point and the body responds by producing and conserving heat several hours pass before the body temp reaches a new set point

A

pyrogens

48
Q

resolves when new set point, a higher temperature is achieved

A

chills

49
Q

chills subside ; person feels warm and dry

A

plateau phase

50
Q

if the new set point is overshot or the pyrogens are removed ; skin becomes warm and flushed vasodilation

A

febrile phase

51
Q

when the fever breaks diaphoresis assists in evaporative heat loss

A

afebrile phase

52
Q

mild temp elevations as high as 39 enhance the immune system of the body ; white blood cell production is stimulated ; reduces concentration of iron ; stimulates interferon

A

fever

53
Q

constant body temperature continuously above 38C

A

sustained

54
Q

fever spikes interspersed with usual temp levels

A

intermittent

55
Q

fever spikes and falls without a return to normal temp levels

A

remittent

56
Q

periods of febrile episodes and periods with acceptable temp values

A

relapsing

57
Q

elevated body temperature related to the inability of the body to promote heat loss or reduce heat production ; results from overload of thermoregulatory mechanisms of the body

A

hyperthermia

58
Q

hereditary condition of uncontrolled heat production that occurs when susceptible people receive certain anesthetic drugs

A

malignant hyperthermia

59
Q

prolonged exposure to the sun or high environmental temp ; depresses hypothalamic function ; 40C or more

A

heatstroke

60
Q

the most important sign of heatstroke

A

dry and hot skino

61
Q

occurs when profuse diaphoresis results in excess water and electrolyte loss ; first aid involved transferring to cooler env and giving electrolytes

A

heat exhaustion

62
Q

heat loss during prolonged exposure to cold overwhelms the ability of the body to produce heat

A

hypothermia

63
Q

usually develops gradually and goes unnoticed for several hours

A

accidental hypothermia

64
Q

ice crystals form inside the cell, permanent circulatory and tissue damage occurs ; earlobes, tips of nose ; injured area becomes waxy and firm to touch

A

frostbite

65
Q

convert the temp scales by activating a switch

A

electronic thermometers

66
Q
A

NCM 101 (20 decks)

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