CULTURE AND ETHNICITY Flashcards
is holistic and encompasses
the client’s perspectives on health, which are greatly influenced by the client’s
culture.
nursing care
is care that is centered on the
client’s cultural point of view and integrates the client’s
values and beliefs into the plan of care.
culturally responsive care
is the “thoughts, communications,
actions, customs, beliefs, values, and
institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups”
culture
is usually composed of people who have a distinct identity and yet are related to a larger cultural group.
subculture
is used to describe a person who has
multiple patterns of identification or crosses several cultures, lifestyles, and sets of values.
multicultural
examples of subculture
occupational groups
societal groups
ethnic groups
refers to the fact or state of being
different.
diversity
is a term with many definitions, often
used interchangeably with the terms ethnicity and culture.
race
factors that account for diversity
sex
age
culture
ethnicity
socioeconomic status
educational attainment
religious affiliation
y is a term often interchangeably used
with race ; viewed as a relationship among individuals who believe they have distinctive characteristics that make them a group
ethnicity
sometimes used interchangeably
with ethnicity or citizenship ; refers to the sovereign state or country where an individual has membership (birth, inheritance, naturalization)
nationality
may be considered a system of beliefs,
practices, and ethical values about divine or
superhuman power worshipped as the creator(s)
and ruler(s) of the universe.
religion
the belief in the superiority of
one’s own culture and lifestyle ; other viewpoints are not only considered different, but also wrong and less important ; related concept is xenophobia
ethnocentrism
the fear or dislike of people different from one’s self.
xenophobia
is a preconceived notion or judgment
that is not based on sufficient knowledge; it may
be favorable or unfavorable.
prejudice
refers to assumptions held about racial groups.
racism
are viewed as inherited and
exclusive to each group and form the basis of judging
persons based on their racial classification.
cultural behaviors
refers to the negative treatment
of individuals or groups on the basis of their race, ethnicity, gender, or other group membership ; when rights and opportunities are denied for arbitrary or prejudicial reasons
discrimination
statements about common
cultural patterns ; may not hold true at the individual level ; statements describing which leads to stereotyping
generalizations
refers to making the
assumption that an individual reflects all
characteristics associated with being a
member of a group
stereotyping
the differences in care
experienced by one population compared with another
population.
health disparities
what are the 4 determinants of health
social
behavioral
environmental
biological
examples include
gender, socioeconomic status, employment status,
educational attainment, food security status,
availability of housing and transportation, racism, and
health system access and quality
social determinants of health
examples include
patterns of overweight and obesity; exercise norms;
and use of illicit drugs, tobacco, or alcohol
behavioral determinants of health
examples include lead exposure, asthma
triggers, workplace safety factors, unsafe or
polluted living conditions
environmental determinants of health
examples include family history of heart disease
and inherited conditions such as hemophilia and
cystic fibrosis
biological determinants of health
focuses on providing care within
the differences and similarities of the beliefs, values,
and patterns of cultures (Leininger & McFarland, 2010).
Leininger created the theory of culture care diversity
and universality
transcultural nursing
“the ongoing process in which the health
care professional continu- ously strives to achieve the
ability and availability to work effectively within the
cultural context of the patient (individual, family,
community).”
cultural competence
who created the definition for cultural competence
campinha-bacote (2011)
what are the 5 constructs of cultural competence
cultural desire
awareness
knowledge
skills
encounters
the motivation to “want to”
engage in the process of becoming culturally
aware, culturally knowledgeable, culturally
skillful, and seeking cultural encounters.
cultural desire
obtaining a sound educational
foundation concerning the various worldviews of
different cultures
cultural knowledge
the ability to collect culturally relevant
data regarding the client’s health in a culturally
sensitive manner
cultural skills
engaging in face-to-face cultural
interactions with persons from diverse backgrounds,
and learning to modify one’s existing beliefs and
prevent possible stereotyping
cultural encounters
is predicated on the concept of holistic health and
describes what people do from a traditional perspective
to maintain, protect, and restore health
health traditions model
refers to those customs, beliefs, or
practices that have existed for many generations
without changing.
traditional
_ represent traditional
foods that may be eaten daily to maintain physical
HEALTH
thousand year old eggs ; china
The _ prayer represents a way of
maintaining spiritual HEALTH
islamic; east jerusalem
_ may be worn to protect physical
HEALTH
red string ; tomb of rachel in bethlehem, israel
The _ represents the plethora of eye-related
objects that may be worn or hung in the home to
protect the mental HEALTH of people by shielding
them from the envy and bad wishes of others
eye ; cuba
The _ may be worn for spiritual
protection and good luck
thunder bird ; hopi nation
The herbal remedy represents _ plants
that may be used by people from all ethnocultural
traditional backgrounds as one method of
restoring physical HEALTH
aromatic ; africa
_ represents substances that are used in
massage therapy as a way of restoring mental
HEALTH
tiger balm; singapore
_ beads symbolize prayer and meditation
methods used in the spiritual restoration of
HEALTH
rosary beads ; italy
health
and illness are controlled by supernatural forces.
The client may believe that illness is the result of
“being bad” or op- posing the creator(s)’ will.
magico-religious health belief
s based on
the belief that life is controlled by physical and
biochemical processes that can be manipulated by
humans. The client with this view will be- lieve that
illness is caused by germs, viruses, bacteria, or a
breakdown of the body.
scientific or biomedical health belief
holds that the forces of
nature must be maintained in balance or harmony.
Human life is one aspect of nature that must be in
harmony with the rest of nature. When the natural
balance or harmony is disturbed, illness results.
holistic health belief
holds that the forces of
nature must be maintained in balance or harmony.
Human life is one aspect of nature that must be in
harmony with the rest of nature. When the natural
balance or harmony is disturbed, illness results.
folk medicine
what are the three commonly held views and health beliefs
magico -religious
scientific
holistic
s considered the basic unit of society;
family
The most obvious cultural difference ; vocabulary, grammatical
structure, voice qualities, intonation, rhythm,
speed, pronunciation, and silence.
verbal communicaton
converts written material (such as
client education pamphlets) from one language
into another. Interpretation moves beyond
translation.
translator
able to transform the message
expressed in a spoken or signed source language
into its equivalent in a target language, so that
the interpreted message has the potential of
eliciting the same response in the listener as the
original message.
interpreter
The interpreter must also serve as a __ and engage both provider and client
effectively and efficiently in accessing the
nuances and hidden socio- cultural assumptions
embedded in each other’s language
cultural broker
To communicate effectively with culturally
diverse clients, the nurse needs to be aware of
two aspects
nonverbal communication
is a relative concept that includes the
individual, the body, the surrounding
environment, and objects within that
environment
space
refers to an individual’s focus
on the past, the present, or the future
time orientation
their culture focus on time tends to be
directed to the future, emphasizing time and
schedules.
european-american
Most cultures have staple foods that are
plentiful or readily accessible in the
environment.
nutritional patterns
are quick assess- ment
tools to better understand the client’s perspective.
LEARN is a commonly used tool
learn model and 4Cs
actively with empathy to the client’s
perception of the problem
listen
what you think you heard/ask for
clarification
explain
the importance of what is said and
what it means.
acknowledge
inclusive strategies
recommend
the plan of care by collaborating with
the client and others.
negotiate
meaning of LEARN concepts
listen
explain
acknowledge
recommend
negotiate
The 4 C’s of Culture were developed by Slavin, Galanti, and
Kuo, what are those?
call
cause
cope
concerns
the implementation of cultural nursing care includes
cultural preservation and maintenance
cultural accommodation and negotiations
may involve the use of
cultural health care practices, such as giving
herbal tea, chicken soup, or “hot” foods to
the ill client.
cultural preservation
The nursing diagnoses developed by NANDA
International are focused on nursing care
provided in the United States and are based
on
european-centric cultural beliefs
(Remember to ask
“What do you think is wrong?” or “What is
concerning/worrying you?” to get at the client’s
perception of the problem. You should not liter- ally ask,
“What do you call your problem?”)
call
(This gets at
the client’s beliefs regarding the source of the problem.)
cause
(You may want
to phrase this as “What have you done to try to make it
better? Who else have you been to for treatment?”)
cope
(This should address
questions such as “How serious do you think this is?”
“What potential complications do you fear?” “How
does it interfere with your life, or your ability to
function?” “Do you know anyone else who has tried the
treatment I’ve recommended? What was their
experience with it?”)
concerns
