CULTURE AND ETHNICITY Flashcards by Bianca Balandra

is holistic and encompasses
the client’s perspectives on health, which are greatly influenced by the client’s
culture.

nursing care

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is care that is centered on the
client’s cultural point of view and integrates the client’s
values and beliefs into the plan of care.

culturally responsive care

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is the “thoughts, communications,
actions, customs, beliefs, values, and
institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups”

culture

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is usually composed of people who have a distinct identity and yet are related to a larger cultural group.

subculture

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is used to describe a person who has
multiple patterns of identification or crosses several cultures, lifestyles, and sets of values.

multicultural

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examples of subculture

occupational groups
societal groups
ethnic groups

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refers to the fact or state of being
different.

diversity

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is a term with many definitions, often
used interchangeably with the terms ethnicity and culture.

race

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factors that account for diversity

sex
age
culture
ethnicity
socioeconomic status
educational attainment
religious affiliation

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y is a term often interchangeably used
with race ; viewed as a relationship among individuals who believe they have distinctive characteristics that make them a group

ethnicity

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sometimes used interchangeably
with ethnicity or citizenship ; refers to the sovereign state or country where an individual has membership (birth, inheritance, naturalization)

nationality

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may be considered a system of beliefs,
practices, and ethical values about divine or
superhuman power worshipped as the creator(s)
and ruler(s) of the universe.

religion

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the belief in the superiority of
one’s own culture and lifestyle ; other viewpoints are not only considered different, but also wrong and less important ; related concept is xenophobia

ethnocentrism

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the fear or dislike of people different from one’s self.

xenophobia

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is a preconceived notion or judgment
that is not based on sufficient knowledge; it may
be favorable or unfavorable.

prejudice

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refers to assumptions held about racial groups.

racism

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are viewed as inherited and
exclusive to each group and form the basis of judging
persons based on their racial classification.

cultural behaviors

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refers to the negative treatment
of individuals or groups on the basis of their race, ethnicity, gender, or other group membership ; when rights and opportunities are denied for arbitrary or prejudicial reasons

discrimination

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statements about common
cultural patterns ; may not hold true at the individual level ; statements describing which leads to stereotyping

generalizations

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refers to making the
assumption that an individual reflects all
characteristics associated with being a
member of a group

stereotyping

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the differences in care
experienced by one population compared with another
population.

health disparities

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what are the 4 determinants of health

social
behavioral
environmental
biological

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examples include
gender, socioeconomic status, employment status,
educational attainment, food security status,
availability of housing and transportation, racism, and
health system access and quality

social determinants of health

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examples include
patterns of overweight and obesity; exercise norms;
and use of illicit drugs, tobacco, or alcohol

behavioral determinants of health

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examples include lead exposure, asthma triggers, workplace safety factors, unsafe or polluted living conditions

environmental determinants of health

examples include family history of heart disease and inherited conditions such as hemophilia and cystic fibrosis

biological determinants of health

focuses on providing care within the differences and similarities of the beliefs, values, and patterns of cultures (Leininger & McFarland, 2010). Leininger created the theory of culture care diversity and universality

transcultural nursing

“the ongoing process in which the health care professional continu- ously strives to achieve the ability and availability to work effectively within the cultural context of the patient (individual, family, community).”

cultural competence

who created the definition for cultural competence

campinha-bacote (2011)

what are the 5 constructs of cultural competence

cultural desire awareness knowledge skills encounters

the motivation to “want to” engage in the process of becoming culturally aware, culturally knowledgeable, culturally skillful, and seeking cultural encounters.

cultural desire

obtaining a sound educational foundation concerning the various worldviews of different cultures

cultural knowledge

the ability to collect culturally relevant data regarding the client’s health in a culturally sensitive manner

cultural skills

engaging in face-to-face cultural interactions with persons from diverse backgrounds, and learning to modify one’s existing beliefs and prevent possible stereotyping

cultural encounters

is predicated on the concept of holistic health and describes what people do from a traditional perspective to maintain, protect, and restore health

health traditions model

refers to those customs, beliefs, or practices that have existed for many generations without changing.

traditional

_ represent traditional foods that may be eaten daily to maintain physical HEALTH

thousand year old eggs ; china

The _ prayer represents a way of maintaining spiritual HEALTH

islamic; east jerusalem

_ may be worn to protect physical HEALTH

red string ; tomb of rachel in bethlehem, israel

The _ represents the plethora of eye-related objects that may be worn or hung in the home to protect the mental HEALTH of people by shielding them from the envy and bad wishes of others

eye ; cuba

The _ may be worn for spiritual protection and good luck

thunder bird ; hopi nation

The herbal remedy represents _ plants that may be used by people from all ethnocultural traditional backgrounds as one method of restoring physical HEALTH

aromatic ; africa

_ represents substances that are used in massage therapy as a way of restoring mental HEALTH

tiger balm; singapore

_ beads symbolize prayer and meditation methods used in the spiritual restoration of HEALTH

rosary beads ; italy

health and illness are controlled by supernatural forces. The client may believe that illness is the result of “being bad” or op- posing the creator(s)’ will.

magico-religious health belief

s based on the belief that life is controlled by physical and biochemical processes that can be manipulated by humans. The client with this view will be- lieve that illness is caused by germs, viruses, bacteria, or a breakdown of the body.

scientific or biomedical health belief

holds that the forces of nature must be maintained in balance or harmony. Human life is one aspect of nature that must be in harmony with the rest of nature. When the natural balance or harmony is disturbed, illness results.

holistic health belief

folk medicine

what are the three commonly held views and health beliefs

magico -religious scientific holistic

s considered the basic unit of society;

family

The most obvious cultural difference ; vocabulary, grammatical structure, voice qualities, intonation, rhythm, speed, pronunciation, and silence.

verbal communicaton

converts written material (such as client education pamphlets) from one language into another. Interpretation moves beyond translation.

translator

able to transform the message expressed in a spoken or signed source language into its equivalent in a target language, so that the interpreted message has the potential of eliciting the same response in the listener as the original message.

interpreter

The interpreter must also serve as a __ and engage both provider and client effectively and efficiently in accessing the nuances and hidden socio- cultural assumptions embedded in each other’s language

cultural broker

To communicate effectively with culturally diverse clients, the nurse needs to be aware of two aspects

nonverbal communication

is a relative concept that includes the individual, the body, the surrounding environment, and objects within that environment

space

refers to an individual’s focus on the past, the present, or the future

time orientation

their culture focus on time tends to be directed to the future, emphasizing time and schedules.

european-american

Most cultures have staple foods that are plentiful or readily accessible in the environment.

nutritional patterns

are quick assess- ment tools to better understand the client’s perspective. LEARN is a commonly used tool

learn model and 4Cs

actively with empathy to the client’s perception of the problem

listen

what you think you heard/ask for clarification

explain

the importance of what is said and what it means.

acknowledge

inclusive strategies

recommend

the plan of care by collaborating with the client and others.

negotiate

meaning of LEARN concepts

listen explain acknowledge recommend negotiate

The 4 C’s of Culture were developed by Slavin, Galanti, and Kuo, what are those?

call cause cope concerns

the implementation of cultural nursing care includes

cultural preservation and maintenance cultural accommodation and negotiations

may involve the use of cultural health care practices, such as giving herbal tea, chicken soup, or “hot” foods to the ill client.

cultural preservation

The nursing diagnoses developed by NANDA International are focused on nursing care provided in the United States and are based on

european-centric cultural beliefs

(Remember to ask “What do you think is wrong?” or “What is concerning/worrying you?” to get at the client’s perception of the problem. You should not liter- ally ask, “What do you call your problem?”)

call

(This gets at the client’s beliefs regarding the source of the problem.)

cause

(You may want to phrase this as “What have you done to try to make it better? Who else have you been to for treatment?”)

cope

(This should address questions such as “How serious do you think this is?” “What potential complications do you fear?” “How does it interfere with your life, or your ability to function?” “Do you know anyone else who has tried the treatment I’ve recommended? What was their experience with it?”)

concerns