PA1 LAB Flashcards
Physical barriers that protects underlying tissues and organs from microorganism, physical trauma, ultraviolet radiation and dehydration.
skin
Outermost layer of the skin ; It consists of dead, keratinized cells that render the skin waterproof.
epidermis
Inner layer of the skin ; Dermal papillae connect the dermis to the
epidermis ; Consider the origin of sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair follicles.
dermis
Secrete an oily substance called sebum that
waterproofs the hair and skin.
sebaceous glands
primary function is
secretion of sweat and thermoregulation,
which is accomplished by evaporation of sweat from the skin surface
eccrine gland
associated with hair
follicles in the axillae, perinium, and
areolae of the breast. ; functions furing puberty
apocrine gland
Contains fat cells, blood vessels, nerves and
the remaining portions of sweat glands and
hair follicles. ; stores fat for energy ; provides insulation ; serves as cushion
subcutaneous tissue
Consists of layers of keratinized cells,
found over much of the body
hair
short, pale, fine and
present over much of the body.
vellus hair
longer, generally darker and coarser
than vellus hair.
terminal hair
located in the distal phalanges of fingers
and toes ; Hard, transparent plates of keratinized
epidermal cells that grow from the cuticle.
nails
always burns but never tans ; pale skin, red hair, freckles
type I
usually burns but sometimes tans ; pale skin
type II
may burn usually tans ; darker
type III
rarely burns, always tans ; mediterranean
type IV
moderate constitutional pigmentation ; latin american, middle eastern
type V
marked constitutional pigmentation ; black
type VI
Blue-tinged, especially in the
perioral, nail bed, and
conjunctival areas. ; poor circulation of oxygenated blood ; lots of carbon dioxide running in the system
cyanosis
Arterial insufficiency,
decrease blood supply and
anemia.
pallor
Results from
Cardiopulmonary problem
central cyanosis
Yellow skin tone
Particularly in the sclera,
Oral mucosa, palms and
Toes ; problems in liver
jaundice
Darkening of the skin in
the Body folds like neck,
axillae and groin ; problems in weight
acanthosis nigricans
Flat, small macules of
Pigment that appear
Following sun exposure ; More visible in the lighter skin complexion
freckles
Depigmentation of the
skin ; Results from genetic predisposition
vitiligo
Stretch marks ; Can be observed in Obese
and pregnant visible in the abdomen ; inner thigh and buttocks
straie
A warty or crusty
pigmentation lesion ; Needs to be treated because
warts should be eliminated (it could cause
a serious condition if not removed)
seborrheic keratosis
A result of trauma or cut from
different parts of the body
scar
Flat or raised
tan/brownish marking up
to 6 mm wide
mole or nevus
Raised papule with a
depressed center ; Commonly seen in obese and elderly
individual
cutaneous tag
abnormality that needs to be corrected
cutaneous horn
Small raised spots (1-5 mm
wide) typically seen with
aging.
cherry angiomas
flat, < 1 cm
macule
flat, > 1 cm
patch
solid elevation, < 1 cm
papule
elevation, > 1 cm
plaque
elevation with clear fluid
vesicles
containing serous or sero-purulent
fluid, > 1 cm
bullae
Round red or purple
macule that is 1-2 mm in
size ; Cause by blood extravasation and
associated with bleeding or emboli to skin.
petechia
Round or irregular lesion
that is larger than
petechial lesion ; Black, yellow and green hues ; blood extravasation
ecchymosis
Localized collection of
blood due to trauma.
hematoma
Papular and round, red or
Purple lesion found on the
Trunk or extremities ; age related and not clinically significant
cherry angioma
Red arteriole with a body
with radiating branches ; associated with liver disease,
pregnancy, and vitamin b deficiency.
spider angioma
Cause increased venous pressure states
(varicosities) ; Dilation (widening) of small
vessels and capillaries cause
flat red marks to appear on
the skin
telangiectasia
ABCDE in detecting skin cancer
asymmetry
borders
color
diameter
elevated
in pressure ulcers, this stage is where the skin is unbroken but inflammed
stage 1
in pressure ulcers, this stage is where the skin is broken to the epidermis or dermis
stage 2
in pressure ulcers, this stage is where the ulcer extends to the subcutaneous layer
stage 3
in pressure ulcers, this stage is where the ulcer extends to the muscle or bone
stage 4
Use __ surface of your middle finger
to palpate skin texture
palmar
in palpating for edema, Use your __ to press down on the skin
of the feet, ankles or pretibial area to
check for edema.
thumb
small, mobile, discrete, nontender
nodes, can frequently be found, especially
in children.
shotty lymph nodes
Making a wide “H” in the air, lead the
patient’s gaze
6 EOM or extraocular eye movements
Ask the client to follow your finger or pencil
as you move it in toward the bridge of the
nose. The converging eyes normally follow
the object to within 5 -8 cm of the nose
convergence test
includes
objects, letters, or numbers of different
sizes in rows, under well-light ; client must be 20ft away ; test for visual acuity of client
snellen eye chart test
Test one ear at a time ; Stay 30-60 cm away from the
client’s ear ; Whisper slowly some two syllable
words
voice whisper test
Hold the tuning fork at its base ; Activate it by tapping the fork
gently against the back of your
hand near the knuckles or by
stroking the fork between the thumb
and the index finger (soft ringing)
hearing acuity weber test (512HZ on top of head)
Hold the handle of the
activated tuning fork in the
mastoid process of one ear
until the client states that the vibration can
no longer be heard ; Immediately hold the still vibrating fork
prongs in front of the client’s ear canal ; Ask whether the client now hears the sound.
hearing acuity rinne test (512 hz on mastiod bone)
