Spins + Limitations Flashcards
When performing the OCF boldface, what does “Altitude - CHECK” mean?
Check to ensure you are above 6000’ MSL (Uncontrolled ejection altitude)
What is the definition of OCF?
the aircraft does not respond immediately and in a normal sense to the application of flight controls
What are the 3 categories of OCF?
Poststall Gyrations
Incipient Spins
Steady State Spins
What are Poststall Gyrations?
motions of the aircraft about one or more axes immediately following a stall and prior to the incipient spin
How are Poststall Gyrations identified? (5)
-uncommanded (and rapid) aircraft motions about any axis
-a feeling that the controls are no longer effective nor acting in the normal sense
-stalled or near stalled Angle of Attack
-transient or erratic airspeed indications
-random turn needle deflections
The Poststall Gyration can be aggravated or extended through continued application of ____ controls or by misapplication or stall recovery controls
Pro-stall controls
Poststall gyrations may be ____ and ____
violent and disorientating
What is the best response to poststall gyrations?
Neutralizing the controls and reducing the power to IDLE is the best response until controls become effective in the normal sense again
What are incipient spins?
Incipient spins are the spin-like motions that occur between poststall gyrations and a fully developed spin.
How are incipient spins caused?
Any stall can progress to an incipient spin if steps are not taken to recover the aircraft at either the stall or poststall gyration, or if pro-spin controls are maintained
In an incipient spin, the motions appear to be “spin-like” and there is a sustained unsteady yaw rate, but?
the aerodynamic and inertial forces are not yet in balance
How is an incipient spin characterized?
-oscillations in pitch, roll, and yaw attitudes and rates
-nose attitude will fluctuate from the horizon to vertical nose down
-yaw rate will increase toward the steady-state spin value
-wings will rock about the steady-state spin value
How can an incipient spin be identified? (4)
-oscillatory spin-like motion
-fully deflected turn needle
-stalled angle of attack
-airspeed moving towards steady-state value
Why are steady state spins still considered OCF?
because a control input in any given axis does not have an immediate effect in that axis in the normal sense of the control.
NOTE: Cycling of control positions or applying anti-spin controls prematurely can
can aggravate aircraft motion and significantly delay recovery
WARNING: A ___ is often mistaken for a spin. Anti-spin controls may not be effective in arresting a ____ and may actually aggravate the situate
Sprial
CAUTION: If not in a steady state spin (indications: ____), check and maintain IDLE power and neutral controls until regaining aircraft control
not being in a steady state spin is indicated by: increasing airspeed, AoA not at stalled condition, and oscillatory motions not typical of the spin
What is a spiral?
a rolling and/or yawing motion of the aircraft that is often mistaken for a spin, but is not steady-state in that air- speed is increasing through 160 KIAS and motions are oscillatory
How do spirals develop?
A spiral can result from misapplication of pro-spin controls (insufficient rudder or aft stick)
Why is it important to identify a spiral quickly?
because the airspeed can increase rapidly in a nose-down attitude. Maintaining large control deflections as speed increases can result in rapid motions and structural overstresses
What is the best response to a spiral?
The best response to a spiral is to reduce the power to IDLE and neutralize the controls until motion stops. (Anti-spin controls may not be effective in arresting the spiral and may actually aggravate the situation)
What two conditions MUST be present for a spin?
Stalled Angle of Attack simultaneously with sustained yaw rate
What is the only type of spin permitted?
Only intentional erect spins with landing gear, flaps, and speed brake up and power at IDLE are permitted.
How do you enter an intentional spin?
A spin may be entered by maintaining full aft stick and applying full rudder in the desired spin direction at 80 KIAS.
(CAUTION: Spin entry attitudes greater than 50 degrees nose high may result in low oil pressure and engine damage.)
Why are spins below 10,000 feet MSL prohibited?
high stresses on the propeller which occur during the spin maneuver with the propeller RPM below 80%. To prevent high stresses from occurring, the power management unit (PMU) artificially maintains propeller RPM at 80% with the PCL at IDLE when the aircraft is above 10,000 feet pressure altitude.
Is it acceptable for oil pressure to decrease below 40 psi during a spin with IDLE power?
During a spin, oil pressure may decrease below 40 psi with idle power. This is accept- able provided no operating limits are exceeded and normal indications return after recovery
Approximately how many turns does an erect spin take to enter a near steady-state condition?
Approx. 3 turns
An errect spin’s rotation rate will stabilize to ___ seconds per turn? This equates to an altitude loss of ___ per turn?
2 to 3 seconds per turn
400 to 500 feet per turn
After completing the initial turn of an errect spin, the nose will pitch to?
Approx. 60 degrees below the horizon, with pitch attitude becoming oscillatory
What will the angle of attack and airspeed read in an errect spin? What will the turn needle show?
Angle of Attack will be 18+
Airspeed will stabilize at 120 to 135 KIAS
the Turn Needle will be fully deflected in the direction of the spin
(aircraft in a steady state spin may exhibit pitch, roll, and yaw oscillations)
What is an aggravated spin and how is it caused?
An aggravated spin is caused by maintain- ing pro-spin rudder while moving the control stick forward of the neutral position. As the control stick is moved forward of neutral, an immediate increase in nose-down pitch occurs and the roll rate increases significantly.
What provides artificial stall warning? When does it occur?
A stick shaker, activated by the angle-of-attack system, provides artificial stall warning in each cockpit a minimum of 5 knots before the stall is reached.
What provides natural stall warning? When does it occur?
Natural stall warning, in the form of light aerodynamic buffet, occurs approximately 3 knots before the stall during power-off stalls in all configurations
(During accelerated/turning entries into a stall, moderate buffet occurs well prior to the actual stall.
During unaccelerated, power-on stall entries, there is little perceptible natural buffet prior to the stall.)
What is the earliest warning for an inadvertent stall?
Activation of the stick shaker
(NOTE: the stick shaker may mask natural aircraft buffet)
What is the defining characteristic of an upright, wings level stall?
A roll-off or wing-drop, together with increased buffet
During a wings-level, power-on stall, a ___ rolling tendency is induced at stall by engine torque before reaching full aft stick.
left rolling tendency
What is the generator limitations inflight?
+50 to -2 Amps
28.0 to 28.5 Volts (Inflight or Ground)
What is the maximum IOAT for start?
80 ºC
What is the propeller overspeed limit?
110% Np
What is the minimum volts needed for the generator to charge the battery?
25.0 Volts
NOTE: If generator amperage or voltage is continuously outside the prescribed range with the PCL at ___ N1 or greater while on the ground or in-flight, notify maintenance after the mission.
80% N1 or greater
What is the service ceiling?
31,000 feet MSL
What is Vg? (Maximum airspeed for flying through turbulence) What is the recommended airspeed?
Maximum airspeed for flying through turbulence is 195 KIAS. Recommended airspeed in turbulent air is 180 KIAS.
What is Vo? (Operating maneuvering speed)
Operating maneuvering speed (VO) is the speed above which full or abrupt control movements in one axis can result in structural damage to the aircraft. VO is 227 KIAS. Full rudder deflection above 150 KIAS, however, will exceed the limits for the rudder control system.
