Spins + Limitations

Question 1

When performing the OCF boldface, what does “Altitude - CHECK” mean?

Answer 1

Check to ensure you are above 6000’ MSL (Uncontrolled ejection altitude)

Question 2

What is the definition of OCF?

Answer 2

the aircraft does not respond immediately and in a normal sense to the application of flight controls

Question 3

What are the 3 categories of OCF?

Answer 3

Poststall Gyrations
Incipient Spins
Steady State Spins

Question 4

What are Poststall Gyrations?

Answer 4

motions of the aircraft about one or more axes immediately following a stall and prior to the incipient spin

Question 5

How are Poststall Gyrations identified? (5)

Answer 5

-uncommanded (and rapid) aircraft motions about any axis
-a feeling that the controls are no longer effective nor acting in the normal sense
-stalled or near stalled Angle of Attack
-transient or erratic airspeed indications
-random turn needle deflections

Question 6

The Poststall Gyration can be aggravated or extended through continued application of ____ controls or by misapplication or stall recovery controls

Answer 6

Pro-stall controls

Question 7

Poststall gyrations may be ____ and ____

Answer 7

violent and disorientating

Question 8

What is the best response to poststall gyrations?

Answer 8

Neutralizing the controls and reducing the power to IDLE is the best response until controls become effective in the normal sense again

Question 9

What are incipient spins?

Answer 9

Incipient spins are the spin-like motions that occur between poststall gyrations and a fully developed spin.

Question 10

How are incipient spins caused?

Answer 10

Any stall can progress to an incipient spin if steps are not taken to recover the aircraft at either the stall or poststall gyration, or if pro-spin controls are maintained

Question 11

In an incipient spin, the motions appear to be “spin-like” and there is a sustained unsteady yaw rate, but?

Answer 11

the aerodynamic and inertial forces are not yet in balance

Question 12

How is an incipient spin characterized?

Answer 12

-oscillations in pitch, roll, and yaw attitudes and rates
-nose attitude will fluctuate from the horizon to vertical nose down
-yaw rate will increase toward the steady-state spin value
-wings will rock about the steady-state spin value

Question 13

How can an incipient spin be identified? (4)

Answer 13

-oscillatory spin-like motion
-fully deflected turn needle
-stalled angle of attack
-airspeed moving towards steady-state value

Question 14

Why are steady state spins still considered OCF?

Answer 14

because a control input in any given axis does not have an immediate effect in that axis in the normal sense of the control.

Question 15

NOTE: Cycling of control positions or applying anti-spin controls prematurely can

Answer 15

can aggravate aircraft motion and significantly delay recovery

Question 16

WARNING: A ___ is often mistaken for a spin. Anti-spin controls may not be effective in arresting a ____ and may actually aggravate the situate

Answer 16

Sprial

Question 17

CAUTION: If not in a steady state spin (indications: ____), check and maintain IDLE power and neutral controls until regaining aircraft control

Answer 17

not being in a steady state spin is indicated by: increasing airspeed, AoA not at stalled condition, and oscillatory motions not typical of the spin

Question 18

What is a spiral?

Answer 18

a rolling and/or yawing motion of the aircraft that is often mistaken for a spin, but is not steady-state in that air- speed is increasing through 160 KIAS and motions are oscillatory

Question 19

How do spirals develop?

Answer 19

A spiral can result from misapplication of pro-spin controls (insufficient rudder or aft stick)

Question 20

Why is it important to identify a spiral quickly?

Answer 20

because the airspeed can increase rapidly in a nose-down attitude. Maintaining large control deflections as speed increases can result in rapid motions and structural overstresses

Question 21

What is the best response to a spiral?

Answer 21

The best response to a spiral is to reduce the power to IDLE and neutralize the controls until motion stops. (Anti-spin controls may not be effective in arresting the spiral and may actually aggravate the situation)

Question 22

What two conditions MUST be present for a spin?

Answer 22

Stalled Angle of Attack simultaneously with sustained yaw rate

Question 23

What is the only type of spin permitted?

Answer 23

Only intentional erect spins with landing gear, flaps, and speed brake up and power at IDLE are permitted.

Question 24

How do you enter an intentional spin?

Answer 24

A spin may be entered by maintaining full aft stick and applying full rudder in the desired spin direction at 80 KIAS.

(CAUTION: Spin entry attitudes greater than 50 degrees nose high may result in low oil pressure and engine damage.)

Question 25

Why are spins below 10,000 feet MSL prohibited?

Answer 25

high stresses on the propeller which occur during the spin maneuver with the propeller RPM below 80%. To prevent high stresses from occurring, the power management unit (PMU) artificially maintains propeller RPM at 80% with the PCL at IDLE when the aircraft is above 10,000 feet pressure altitude.

Question 26

Is it acceptable for oil pressure to decrease below 40 psi during a spin with IDLE power?

Answer 26

During a spin, oil pressure may decrease below 40 psi with idle power. This is accept- able provided no operating limits are exceeded and normal indications return after recovery

Question 27

Approximately how many turns does an erect spin take to enter a near steady-state condition?

Answer 27

Approx. 3 turns

Question 28

An errect spin’s rotation rate will stabilize to ___ seconds per turn? This equates to an altitude loss of ___ per turn?

Answer 28

2 to 3 seconds per turn
400 to 500 feet per turn

Question 29

After completing the initial turn of an errect spin, the nose will pitch to?

Answer 29

Approx. 60 degrees below the horizon, with pitch attitude becoming oscillatory

Question 30

What will the angle of attack and airspeed read in an errect spin? What will the turn needle show?

Answer 30

Angle of Attack will be 18+
Airspeed will stabilize at 120 to 135 KIAS
the Turn Needle will be fully deflected in the direction of the spin
(aircraft in a steady state spin may exhibit pitch, roll, and yaw oscillations)

Question 31

What is an aggravated spin and how is it caused?

Answer 31

An aggravated spin is caused by maintain- ing pro-spin rudder while moving the control stick forward of the neutral position. As the control stick is moved forward of neutral, an immediate increase in nose-down pitch occurs and the roll rate increases significantly.

Question 32

What provides artificial stall warning? When does it occur?

Answer 32

A stick shaker, activated by the angle-of-attack system, provides artificial stall warning in each cockpit a minimum of 5 knots before the stall is reached.

Question 33

What provides natural stall warning? When does it occur?

Answer 33

Natural stall warning, in the form of light aerodynamic buffet, occurs approximately 3 knots before the stall during power-off stalls in all configurations

(During accelerated/turning entries into a stall, moderate buffet occurs well prior to the actual stall.
During unaccelerated, power-on stall entries, there is little perceptible natural buffet prior to the stall.)

Question 34

What is the earliest warning for an inadvertent stall?

Answer 34

Activation of the stick shaker
(NOTE: the stick shaker may mask natural aircraft buffet)

Question 35

What is the defining characteristic of an upright, wings level stall?

Answer 35

A roll-off or wing-drop, together with increased buffet

Question 36

During a wings-level, power-on stall, a ___ rolling tendency is induced at stall by engine torque before reaching full aft stick.

Answer 36

left rolling tendency

Question 37

What is the generator limitations inflight?

Answer 37

+50 to -2 Amps
28.0 to 28.5 Volts (Inflight or Ground)

Question 38

What is the maximum IOAT for start?

Answer 38

80 ºC

Question 39

What is the propeller overspeed limit?

Answer 39

110% Np

Question 40

What is the minimum volts needed for the generator to charge the battery?

Answer 40

25.0 Volts

Question 41

NOTE: If generator amperage or voltage is continuously outside the prescribed range with the PCL at ___ N1 or greater while on the ground or in-flight, notify maintenance after the mission.

Answer 41

80% N1 or greater

Question 42

What is the service ceiling?

Answer 42

31,000 feet MSL

Question 43

What is Vg? (Maximum airspeed for flying through turbulence) What is the recommended airspeed?

Answer 43

Maximum airspeed for flying through turbulence is 195 KIAS. Recommended airspeed in turbulent air is 180 KIAS.

Question 44

What is Vo? (Operating maneuvering speed)

Answer 44

Operating maneuvering speed (VO) is the speed above which full or abrupt control movements in one axis can result in structural damage to the aircraft. VO is 227 KIAS. Full rudder deflection above 150 KIAS, however, will exceed the limits for the rudder control system.