Form $ Essentials Flashcards
What are #1’s responsibilities?
Clear for the formation
Plan for the formation
Monitor #2
Navigate for the formation
Communicate for the formation
What are #2’s responsibilities?
Do not hit number 1
Keep number 1 in sight
Be in position and on frequency
Clear for the formation
Back up number 1
When would you breakout?
Hazard to the formation
In front of or under number 1
Told to break out
Sight or SA loss
When would you Knock It Off?
(A) Any player calls KIO
Bingo Overflown inadvertantly
Unplanned/unscheduled aircraft in MOA
MOA boundary breached
Speed (too slow or fast)
Weather minimums
Overspeed / Over G
Radio failure or continuous wing rock
Loss of SA
Dangerous situation/Emergency
When would you terminate?
Bingo reached
Objectives met
Out of position
Told to do so
Lead should be thinking about? What about after ET?
Platform
Area
Wingman
Next
Terminate
Ops Check
Reform
Next
How low can a formation approach go?
300 feet AGL
What restrictions do you have for a Wing T/O?
-less than 15 KIAS crosswind
-500 / 1 1/2 or circling mins (whichever is greater)
-No ice, slush, snow, standing water
-min runway width of 150’
What restrictions do you have for an interval T/O?
-1500 and 3SM
-<25 KIAS crosswind
-75 foot runway
What are your restrictions in ET?
Max bank of 120º (I and II) and min a/s 100 KIAS
All maneuvers above 6000 AGL
No abrupt turn reversals
Two ship only
Wx: CoC, 3SM, discernable horizon
Inside 300’ bubble / infront of 3/9 = KIO
Number 2 will lag lead’s last known position & call blind
Solo will not fly over the top (ET III)
How high can you overshoot on a turning rejoin?
No higher than route echelon and must stabilize before resuming rejoin
What are you looking for on a turning rejoin?
Star/SA in the saddle, CB visible then fingertip
In ET, how do you know you’re at 300’?
the tail # is visible
What is your references for close trail?
Exhaust stacks on top of wings, 0 Aspect, 2-4 ship lengths
What is the visual cue for 2 ship widths?
Black around the red triangle
What is the standard for engine start?
Crews will close and crank regardless of ITS/Wind Chill condition. After engine start, crews will check ATIS, and tune to clearance delivery and Aux frequency. Wingmen will pass a “thumbs up” to lead when ready for check-in when visual. Lead will check #2 in on Aux then Prime after the “thumbs up” is given prior to calling for clearance. Flight members will acknowledge receipt of clearance with their position (ex. “2”)
What is the standard for Ground Aborts/Spares?
If visual and the other aircraft encounters a ground-abort situation before engine start, continue with the ground ops unless FL directs otherwise. If not visual, report expected delays to FL as soon as possible
What is the standard for taxi?
Lead will check flight members in on Aux first. If additional time is required, wingmen will inform lead during the Aux check-in (e.x. Callsign 2 needs XX minutes)
What is the standard for end of runway procedures?
2 FCP lines up with lead’s FCP to be on the same relative position of the dashed EOR line
What is the standard for G-awareness exercise?
During formation sorties, the Awareness Exercise will be initiated from fingertip or route via a pitchout. The first pitchout will be a G-Ex with at least 180 degrees of turn
What is the standard for rejoins?
Rejoins (prior to FENCE-in) will be accomplished at 180 KIAS while climbing and 200 KIAS when straight and level. Low MOA rejoin speed is 180 KIAS. High MOA rejoin speed is 160 KIAS.
Crews will set a specified rejoin speed when assigned a high-low MOA
What is the standard for after landing/taxi as a formation?
If both aircraft in a formation land sequentially, #1 will allow sufficient spacing for wingmen to exit the runway and wait for other aircraft. Once all formation aircraft are off the runway, they will perform a check-in on ground and obtain clearance (as required) to taxi to chocks as a formation. Formations will remain on Aux until parking
What is the standard for radio procedures?
-ATC requires use of a full callsign
-Directive interplane for the entire formation requires use of full callsign (“KONO, go ET level II)
-Interplane calls for one formation member requires callsign name and position number (“KONO 2, go close trail”)
-Wingmen will mimic lead on Aux
-include the word “flight” on initial contact with ATC
What is the priority for channel changes? (3)
“Push”, Visual signal, “Go”
When “push” comm is combined with any other call requiring acknowledgment?
Wingmen will acknowledge (KONO, fence out, push 7…“2”)
What is the standard for in-flight checks?
FL is responsible for managing the fuel for the flight. #1 will initiate checks. State fuel for all ops checks; G’s should be included while in the MOA. OBOGS checks are internal and do not be verbalized to formation
What is the standard for formation spacing?
Unless IMC or for training, #1 should loosen the formation to route or flighting wing during extended cruise to enhance clearing
What is the standard for position change?
Flights will brief a lead change JOKER fuel or time. Student sorties should evenly split time/fuel in MOA
What is the standard for wake turbulence?
If encountering wake turbulence, pilots will assume the G’s were asymmetric
What is the standard for breakout?
When a breakout is initiated by #2, a “roll out” call is not required
What is the standard for overshoot and collision avoidance?
2 holds primary responsibility for flight path deconfliction; however, anytime there is an imminent flight path conflict, all aircrew will avoid collision by maneuvering away from the conflict. Deconflict head-on to the right. An aircraft established with a nose-high attitude will continue that vertical deconfliction
What is the standard for terminate/knock-it-off?
Knock it off is used for safety of flight. After each flight member has acknowledged the call, the reason should be stated. Do not combine terminate/KIO with other calls
What is the standard for lost sight?
If #1 loses position awareness of #2, he or she should query with a “posit” call
What is the standard for visual signals?
All signals are per the AFPAM 11-205 with the exception of pushing to route and saluting off
What is the standard for in-flight malfunctions?
The malfunctioning aircraft should take initial actions to handle the emergency, call KIO (if necessary) and inform other formation members as soon as conditions permit. As a minimum, the malfunctioning aircraft should be offered lead three times
When should lead be offered to the malfunctioning aircraft?
The number 1 position should be offered three times: (1) when the emergency occurs, (2) on recovery when below the weather and able to navigate VFR to the field, and (3) when on final with the airfield in sight. Except in IMC, avoid flying closer
than route formation as number 2. If number 2 refuses the number 1 position at any time, offer
it at each successive point as described above.
What is the standard for element integrity?
Maintain element integrity to the maximum extent practical. The good aircraft will act as a chase ship, if required. If both aircraft are experiencing a malfunction, each should obtain a separate chase ship.
What is the standard for mid-air collision?
The DFO will direct necessary steps to maintain flightpath deconfliction, coordinate for separate chase ships, and direct the recovery/diversion sequence
What is the standard for radio failure? (Simple NORDO)
Simple NORDO: The good aircraft will lead the formation back for a straight-in and offer the lead on final with clearance to land. If clearance to land is subsequently cancelled, the good aircraft will move abeam and rock their wings to initiate a go around. If lead is refused, the good aircraft will low approach. The NORDO aircraft will continue to land, looking for light-gun signals IAW with IFG
What is the standard for HEFOE?
If unable to communicate using radios, utilize HEFOE signals to communicate a malfunction. The other aircraft should acknowledge the signal by repeating it and offer lead (3 times)
What is the standard for physiological incident?
Comply with the IFG. The EP aircraft should lead the recovery. The unaffected aircraft should monitor the emergency aircraft. Remain VMC if able
What is the standard for bird strike?
Striking a bird is preferable to a mid-air collision. When in fingertip position, do not maneuver to avoid hitting a bird
What is the standard for ejection?
If able, the wingman will provide on-scene search and rescue IAW with the IFG. Do not underfly parachutes or overfly bingo
What is the standard for diversion?
Maintain element integrity to the max extent practical. FL is responsible for the safe recovery of the formation. FL should plan based on the aircraft with the lowest fuel state
What is the position of fingertip defined as?
Stack: engine exhaust stack on top of
number 1’s closest wing
Line: approximately 30 degrees aft
of the 3/9 line (equates to a 6 AA)
Spacing: 10 feet of wingtip separation
What is the position of route defined as?
Stack: number 2 generally maintains a position level with number 1 (a level stack) by keeping the helmet of number 1’s FCP pilot on the horizon
Line: no further forward than Line a Breast (LAB) and no further aft than the extended 30-degree fingertip line
Spacing: 2 ship widths to 500 feet
What is the position of fighting wing cone?
Fighting wing is a fluid position defined by a 30 to 45-degree cone, 500 to 1,000 feet aft of number 1
When is the only time Number 2 calls “in”?
During ET in the fighting wing cone
What are the rules for overshooting on rejoins?
Straight-ahead: can make small 3/9 overshoot as long as flight paths are not convergent
Turning: overshoot early to cross #1/s 6 o’clock with 2 ship-lengths of distance
Who has primary responsibility for flight path deconfliction?
2 has primary responsibility for flight path deconfliction unless unable to maintain visual, in which case they should call “blind”. Responsibility ONLY transfers to #1 if #2 calls “blind”.
What are the 5 factors that contribute significantly to the potential for a midair collision?
(SLOW-M)…first 4 are for wing
- Failure of #1 to properly clear or visually monitor #2 during a critical phase of flight; if #1 loses sight of #2 they may query with “posit”
- Failure of #2 to execute lost wingman procedures promptly and correctly if visual contact is lost in IMC
- Failure to recognize excessive overtake. #1 direct an overshoot or breakout if necessary.
- Failure to maintain lateral or vertical separation during rejoins until under control/stabilized.
- Failure to consider the effects of wingtip vortices.
What is Heading Crossing Angle?
the angular difference between the longitudinal axes of two aircraft
What is aspect angle?
degrees off the tail of the reference aircraft
What happens to HCA, Aspect, and Range with lead pursuit?
Number 2 aims the aircraft nose in front of number 1’s flight path. With enough lead pursuit, AA and closure will increase, and HCA will decrease. Various lead pursuit pictures may result in aft LOS, no LOS, or minimal forward LOS
depending on the magnitude of lead pursuit and other parameters such as relative airspeed and G
What happens to HCA, Aspect, and Range with pure pursuit?
A pure pursuit picture initially creates closure that diminishes over time. AA equals
HCA, which also both diminish over time. If both aircraft are co-airspeed, an attempt to sustain
pure pursuit eventually evolves into lag pursuit, resulting in increasing range and a decreased
AA.
What happens to HCA, Aspect, and Range with lag pursuit?
Although there may still be some closure initially, closure soon decreases, AA decreases,
and HCA increases
Who owns the radios? When do you switch radios?
1 owns the radios (#2 only changes frequencies when directed by #1 or when standards dictate auto switches, #1 speaks for the flight when communicating with outside agencies until the flight splits up)
What is the difference between “Go” and “Push”?
If number 1 uses the term “go” for a frequency change, number 2 will acknowledge before changing the frequency. If number 1 uses the
term “push”, number 2 should change to the new frequency without acknowledging
If number 1 sends number 2 to the wrong frequency, number 2 should
go to that frequency and wait.
Number 1 will get number 2 on the proper frequency either using the radio or using visual signals. Number 2 should never change frequencies without being
directed by number 1 or written unit standards, and number 2 should not go hunting for
number 1
Never use the term “lead” unless?
executing a lead change, use “one” and “two”
What should #2 do about their spacing when switching frequencies?
In fingertip → move to route to change frequency, then move back in
In route → stay in route to change frequency
In IMC → stay in fingertip, use crew concept to change frequency
What should you say when seeing/not seeing an aircraft external to the formation?
“Tally” or “No joy”
What should you say when seeing/not seeing an aircraft within the formation?
“Visual” or “Blind”
What should you say when seeing/not seeing an object on the ground?
“Contact” or “Negative Contact”
What is the priority for making channel changes?
- Push 2. Visually 3. Go
1 will use the term “___” to refer to airspeeds and “___” to refer to headings
“set” an airspeed
“reference” a heading
What are the 4 times #2 will auto switch channels in the local area?
- Clearance -> Ground
- Ground -> Sunfish/Tower
- Approach -> Area Monitor (FENCE-in)
- Area Monitor -> Approach (FENCE-out)
“Sweep ATIS” is directive for all flight members to
listen to one cycle of ATIS, then return back to the same frequency (or frequency as directed)
When should visual signals be used and how does #2 acknowledge?
2 acknowledges with a head nod when #1 gives a signal
Used when radio transmissions are inappropriate or difficult to make
Use intraflight radio to initiate checks as practical and do NOT accomplish checks ____
during turns. If forced to turn during a check, #1 should call the turn and ensure #2 is attentive before turning
How should #2 accomplish checklists?
Accomplish items one at a time, looking back at #1 in between items
OBOGS checks are ____ to the aircraft and (need/need not) be verbalized to the formation.
internal and need NOT
State ___ for all Ops Checks and also include ___ when in the MOA
fuel and include G’s when in the MOA
What is the definition of Joker Fuel?
The brevity term for a pre-briefed fuel quantity above bingo at which separation, bug out, or event termination should begin and proceed with the remainder of the mission.
What is Bingo Fuel?
The brevity term for a pre-briefed fuel quantity that allows the aircraft to return to the base of intended landing or alternate (if one is required) using preplanned recovery parameters and arriving with normal recovery fuel
Who is responsible for monitoring fuel state for the flight, adjusting the profile, joker/bingo, and frequency of Ops Checks?
1
Unless already on recovery, #2 will inform #1 when
reaching joker and (or) bingo, and #1 will acknowledge the call
What is the objective of lost wingman procedures?
gain immediate separation of aircraft when #2 loses sight of #1 in the weather
In IMC when visual with #1 is lost or if unable to maintain position due to disorientation, #2 simultaneously executes the procedure while transitioning to instruments (heads down).
When executing the procedure, #2 notifies #1, who coordinates with the controlling agency and requests a separate clearance for #2. If required, the controlling agency can help establish positive separation.
What is the Lost Wingman procedures for wings level flight? (Climb, Descent, or Straight and Level)
Lost wingman turns away using 15° bank for 15 sec and informs #1
After 15 seconds #2 resumes heading and proceeds on a separate clearance
What is the Lost Wingman procedures for turns (climbing, descending, or S&L)
Outside the turn →Lost wingman reverses the direction of the turn, 15° bank for 15 sec, informs #1. After 15 sec #2 rolls out, continues straight ahead, and ensures positive separation before resuming the turn and obtaining a separate clearance
Inside the turn →Lost wingman momentarily reduces power to ensure nose-tail separation and tells #1 to roll out of the turn. #2 maintains AOB then obtains separate clearance. #1 resumes turning when separation is ensured.
What is the Lost Wingman Procedures for Final Approach?
Wingman momentarily turns away from #1 and starts a climb to either the FAF or glideslope intercept altitude. While proceeding to the MAP, #2 informs #1 and obtains a separate clearance.
What is the Lost Wingman procedures during a Missed Approach?
Lost wingman momentarily turns away, informs #1, and continues to the published MAP climbing 500’ above the missed approach altitude. #2 obtains a separate clearance.
During a practice lost wingman, who is responsible for deconfliction?
1 monitors #2 to ensure deconfliction since #2 is heads down, and therefore assumes primary responsibility for flight path deconfliction
During PLW, #1 must respond with a minimum of?
their attitude (S&L, etc)
During a PLW, when #2 acknowledges, do they immediately begin execution?
No. #1 directs the practice with a radio call. When #2 acknowledges, they do not immediately begin execution, only executing the procedure when they are ready
What power settings are #1 and #2 selecting on a Wing T/O?
1 pushes power up to 85-95% torque / #2 pushes power up as required to maintain position
What stack should #2 maintain on a wing T/O?
2 maintains stack level (#1’s helmet on horizon) until the gear and flaps are raised
An interval T/O may be accomplished static or rolling, but #2 must ensure ___ seconds of spacing?
6 seconds
During an interval T/O, once airborne at 160 KIAS minimum, #1 will reduce torque to?
85-95% and maintain 160 KIAS until #2 rejoins
When does #2 rejoin on an interval takeoff?
2 rejoins on the inside of the first turn out of traffic (unless briefed otherwise)…can be turning or straight ahead
How much time spacing is required for an instrument trail departure?
no less than 20 seconds
During an instrument trail departure, what power setting, airspeed, and bank angle will #1 and #2 use?
Both climb at MAX power at 160 KIAS and use 30° bank turns
During an instrument trail departure, until join up or level off, both #1 and #2 call out?
even thousands of altitude and when initiating heading changes
During an instrument trail departure, #2 delays all turns/heading changes by
the number of seconds from takeoff spacing (20)
During an instrument trail departure, #2 maintains ___ feet of separation from #1 until visual
1,000 feet (#1 may reduce vertical separation to 500’ if #2 cannot maintain 1,000’ separation and comply with the minimum safe altitude)
During an instrument trail departure, #2 rejoins
only after visually acquiring number 1 and receiving permission
