Spine

Question 1

How do you compensate for beam divergence on spinal radiographs?

Answer 1

make multiple exposures

Question 2

What are the reasons for spinal radiography?

Answer 2

Spinal pain
Limb pain
Spinal neuropathy

Question 3

What are the common spinal abnormalities seen?

Answer 3

Disc Disease
Spondylosis
Articular process DJD

Question 4

What are the less common spinal abnormalities seen?

Answer 4

Discospondylitis
Vertebral malformations
Vertebral tumors

Question 5

What is the most common cause of spinal pain/neuropathy?

Answer 5

Disc Disease

Question 6

Type I Disc Disease

Answer 6

Acute herniation of degenerate nuclear material into vertebral canal with cord compression

Question 7

Type II Disc Disease

Answer 7

Chronic annulus/nucleus protrusion into vertebral canal with spinal cord compression

Question 8

What are the radiographic signs of Disc Disease?

Answer 8

Narrowed disc space
narrow foramen
narrow dorsal joint space
Material in the vertebral canal

Question 9

Transitional T13

Answer 9

T13 with a rib on one side but not that other

Question 10

What are the layers of the spinal cord?

Answer 10

Dura Mater
Arachnoid
Pia Mater

Question 11

What are the classic spinal lesion locations?

Answer 11

Extradural
Intradural-extramedullary
Intramedullary

Question 12

What do Osteophyte articular processes cause?

Answer 12

extradural spinal cord compression

Question 13

What sign is present with Intradural-Extramedullary lesion?

Answer 13

“Golf-tee” sign

Question 14

What are the problems with Myelography?

Answer 14

Invasive
Time consuming
Technical errors
Subarachnoid space is too small to hold enough contrast medium
No information about spinal cord parenchyma

Question 15

What is the best test for Disc Herniation?

Answer 15

MRI

Question 16

ANNPE

Answer 16

Acute Non-compressive Nucleus Pulposus Extrusion

Question 17

Acute Non-compressive Nucleus Pulposus Extrusion (ANNPE)

Answer 17

Acute herniation of hydrate nucleus

Question 18

What pathology accompanies Type I and ANNPE?

Answer 18

Necrosis
Hemorrhage
Inflammation
Edema

Question 19

What is the treatment for Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)

Answer 19

Medical management: Cage rest, etc.

Surgery

Question 20

Spondylosis

Answer 20

New bone proliferation originating from ventral aspect of vertebral body, near endplate

Question 21

Where does Cauda Equine Syndrome occur?

Answer 21

L7-S1

Question 22

What are the clinical signs of Cauda Equina syndrome?

Answer 22

Lumbosacral pain
Decreased willingness to jump and climb stairs
Low tail carriage
Reduced tail wagging
Difficulty posturing for defecation
Weakness or lameness in one or both hind limbs secondary to compression of nerve roots supplying sciatic nerve
Fecal or urinary incontinence

Question 23

What predisposes patients to Cauda equine syndrome?

Answer 23

Lumbosacral transitional vertebra

Question 24

What is the treatment for Cauda Equina Syndrome?

Answer 24

NSAIDs
Weight Reduction
epidural steroid injections
surgery

Question 25

What is the radiographic sign of discospondylitis?

Answer 25

Endplate lysis

Question 26

Discospondylitis

Answer 26

Infection of disc with involvement of adjacent endplates

Question 27

What are the vertebral malformations?

Answer 27

Wobbler Disease
A-A subluxation
Hemivertebra

Question 28

What are the two forms of Cervical Spondylomyelopathy?

Answer 28

Disc-associated compression

Osseous associated compression

Question 29

Wobbler Disease

Answer 29

Progressive cervical myelopathy

Question 30

What are the radiographic signs of Cervical Spondylomyelopathy?

Answer 30

Vertebral canal stenosis
Articular process hyperostosis
Cervical malalignment

Question 31

What breed is Hemivertebra common in?

Answer 31

Brachycephalic