GI Tract Flashcards by Kimberlee Ward

What is the technique used for stomach radiography?

High mAs/Low kVp

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What are the views for stomach radiography?

Lateral views and VD

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Where is Gas located in the stomach on Right Lateral?

Fundus

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Where is Fluid located in the stomach on Right Lateral?

Pylorus

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Where is Gas located in the stomach on Left Lateral?

Pylorus

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Where is Fluid located in the stomach on Left Lateral?

Fundus

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Where is Gas located in the stomach on Dorsal Ventral?

Fundus

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Where is Fluid located in the stomach on Dorsal Ventral?

Pylorus

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Where is Gas located in the stomach on ventral dorsal?

Pylorus

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Where is Fluid located in the stomach on ventral dorsal?

Fundus

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What are the factors that Gastric Emptying depends on?

Chemical composition and particle size
Multiple reflex mechanisms 
Volume of contents
Contrast media
Medications 
Hormones

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What is important in determining hepatomegaly?

Detection of the gastric axis and dispacement

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What causes caudal displacement of the stomach?

Right sided hepatomegaly

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What is the most common cause of Gastric Dilation?

Food engorgement

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Gastric Dilation Volvulus

gaseous distention of the stomach

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Where does the fundus shift with GDV?

toward the right

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Where does the pylorus shift with GDV?

Pylorus shifts dorsally, cranially, and to the left

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on what view is GDV diagnosed on?

Right Lateral view

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What are some radiographic features of GDV?

Gastric Dilation 
Compartmentalization 
Diffuse ileus 
Megaesophagus
Pneumoperitoneum
Microcardia
Pulmonary hypovolemia
Splenomegaly

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How does GDV appear on Radiographs?

“Double Bubble”

:Boxing Glove”

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What is the most sensitive modality for Gastric ulcerations?

Ultrasound

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What are gastric ulcerations associated with?

Gastric Carcinoma

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What are the tumor types of Gastric neoplasia?

Lymphoma

Gastric Carcinoma

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Diffuses diseases of the stomach

Inflammation (Gastritis)
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Mineralization secondary to renal failure

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What are the clinical signs of Small Intestinal disease?

``` Vomiting Diarrhea Weight Loss Abdominal Pain Lethargy palpable mid abdominal mass ```

Vomiting

Forceful expulsion of gastric contents

What causes Vomiting

``` Pyloric outflow obstruction Bowel obstruction Gastroenteritis Biochemical alterations Suspected foreign body ```

What is the most common reason for abdominal radiographs?

Foreign body | Obstruction

What is the diameter of the small intestine in dogs?

The height of L2 | 2X width of a rib

What is the diameter of the small intestine in cats?

2X height of central part of L4 | 12 mm

What cannot be assessed radiographically for the small intestine?

Motility Transit Time Mucosal margins Character of wall

What do you use to assess motility of the small Intestine?

Ultrasound | Contract medium

What do you use to assess Transit time of the small intestine?

Contrast medium

What do you use to assess Mucosal margins of the small intestine?

Ultrasound | Contrast medium

What do you used to assess Character of wall of the small intestine?

Ultrasound

What are the indications for a Barium study?

Persistent vomiting with cause unknown Inconclusive radiographs Ultrasound not available

What are the upper GI contraindications of a Barium study?

``` Obstruction Ingesta in the stomach or bowel Perforation Prior medication slowing GI function Subsequent endoscopy or Ultrasound ```

Characteristics of Commercial Barium Sulfate

Does not sediment Very consistent product excellent coating of mucosa

Characterisitics of Aqueous GI media

``` Use if perforation is suspected use when concerned about aspiration Use when endoscopy will follow immediately Ionic vs non-ionic Expensive ```

When do you take Radiographic surveys during the barium study?

Immediately 15-30mins 30-60mins Hourly until the barium is in the colon

What views do you take immediately with a Barium Study?

R Lateral Left Lateral VD DV

What views do you take after 15-30 mins of the barium study?

R Lateral | VD

What views do you take after 30-60 mins of the barium study?

R Lateral | VD

What is the normal transit time of barium in the duodenum?

15 mins

What is the normal transit time of barium in the Jejunum?

30 mins

What is the normal transit time of barium to empty the stomach?

1-2 hours

What is the normal transit time of barium to empty the jejunum?

6 hours

Canine pseudoulcers

Lymphatic tissue causing voids on the side of the intestine

What are normal variants found on radiographs with barium study?

Canine Pseudoulcers Fimbriation Feline "String of Pearls"

Ileus

intestinal obstruction

What are the two types of Ileus?

Mechanical | Paralytic

What are the two types of Mechanical Ileus?

Partial | Complete

What are the two types of Paralytic Ileus?

Adynamic | functional

What cause Paralytic Ileus?

``` Electrolyte imbalance Ischemia Peritonitis Shock Toxin Narcotics ```

What causes Mechanical Ileus?

``` Foreign Body Tumor Scarring/adhesions Hernia Volvulus ```

What is the hallmark of obstruction seen on radiographs?

Enlarged bowel

What are the two populations of bowel seen with Mechanical ileus?

Normal | Enlarged

What degree of enlargement is greater, Mechanical or paralytic ileus?

Paralytic

What do you see on paralytic ileus, gas or fluid?

Gas

Gravel Sign

collection of small intestine foreign material due to chronic partial obstruction

Linear Foreign object

Obstruction due to ingestion of linear material | ex: string or ribbon

What do you see on a radiograph with Linear Foreign object?

Bunching Plication Comma or crescent shaped gas bubble

What sign do you see with circumferential mural lesion?

"Apple core sign"

What sign do you see with eccentric mural lesion?

"thumb printing"

What are the "apple core sign" and "thum printing sign" associated with?

Neoplasia

What are some differential diagnosis for the "thumb printing sign"

Lymphocytic plasmocytic enteritis Parvovirus Lymphoma Eosinophilic infiltration

What are some diffential diagnosis for loss of layers due to a thickened wall of the small intestine?

Neoplasia Severe enteritis Soiltary FIP granuloma

What are the clinical signs of Colonic disease?

``` Diarrhea Straining Reduced or absent fecal production abdominal pain abdominal distention abnormal rectal palpation ```

What does the canine cecum usually contain?

Gas

What are the three parts of the colon?

Ascending Transverse Descending

Is a redundant colon normal?

Yes

What are the abnormalities of the Colon?

Impaction/Dilation | Displacement

What is the most common impaction/dilation?

Generalized

What are the causes of Impaction/Dilation?

``` Idiopathic Stricture Spinal Anomalies Neuromuscular disorders Perineal hernia Congenital ```

What spinal anomaly is seen in Manx?

sacrococcygeal agenesis

What is a common mass seen when evaluating the colon?

Anal Sac tumor