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RUSVM Diagnostic Imaging 2016 > GI Tract > Flashcards

GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the technique used for stomach radiography?

A

High mAs/Low kVp

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2
Q

What are the views for stomach radiography?

A

Lateral views and VD

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3
Q

Where is Gas located in the stomach on Right Lateral?

A

Fundus

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4
Q

Where is Fluid located in the stomach on Right Lateral?

A

Pylorus

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5
Q

Where is Gas located in the stomach on Left Lateral?

A

Pylorus

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6
Q

Where is Fluid located in the stomach on Left Lateral?

A

Fundus

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7
Q

Where is Gas located in the stomach on Dorsal Ventral?

A

Fundus

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8
Q

Where is Fluid located in the stomach on Dorsal Ventral?

A

Pylorus

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9
Q

Where is Gas located in the stomach on ventral dorsal?

A

Pylorus

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10
Q

Where is Fluid located in the stomach on ventral dorsal?

A

Fundus

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11
Q

What are the factors that Gastric Emptying depends on?

A 
Chemical composition and particle size
Multiple reflex mechanisms 
Volume of contents
Contrast media
Medications 
Hormones
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12
Q

What is important in determining hepatomegaly?

A

Detection of the gastric axis and dispacement

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13
Q

What causes caudal displacement of the stomach?

A

Right sided hepatomegaly

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of Gastric Dilation?

A

Food engorgement

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15
Q

Gastric Dilation Volvulus

A

gaseous distention of the stomach

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16
Q

Where does the fundus shift with GDV?

A

toward the right

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17
Q

Where does the pylorus shift with GDV?

A

Pylorus shifts dorsally, cranially, and to the left

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18
Q

on what view is GDV diagnosed on?

A

Right Lateral view

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19
Q

What are some radiographic features of GDV?

A 
Gastric Dilation 
Compartmentalization 
Diffuse ileus 
Megaesophagus
Pneumoperitoneum
Microcardia
Pulmonary hypovolemia
Splenomegaly
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20
Q

How does GDV appear on Radiographs?

A

“Double Bubble”

:Boxing Glove”

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21
Q

What is the most sensitive modality for Gastric ulcerations?

A

Ultrasound

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22
Q

What are gastric ulcerations associated with?

A

Gastric Carcinoma

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23
Q

What are the tumor types of Gastric neoplasia?

A

Lymphoma

Gastric Carcinoma

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24
Q

Diffuses diseases of the stomach

A

Inflammation (Gastritis)
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Mineralization secondary to renal failure

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25
Q

What are the clinical signs of Small Intestinal disease?

A 
Vomiting 
Diarrhea
Weight Loss
Abdominal Pain 
Lethargy 
palpable mid abdominal mass
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26
Q

Vomiting

A

Forceful expulsion of gastric contents

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27
Q

What causes Vomiting

A 
Pyloric outflow obstruction 
Bowel obstruction 
Gastroenteritis
Biochemical alterations 
Suspected foreign body
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28
Q

What is the most common reason for abdominal radiographs?

A

Foreign body

Obstruction

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29
Q

What is the diameter of the small intestine in dogs?

A

The height of L2

2X width of a rib

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30
Q

What is the diameter of the small intestine in cats?

A

2X height of central part of L4

12 mm

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31
Q

What cannot be assessed radiographically for the small intestine?

A

Motility
Transit Time
Mucosal margins
Character of wall

32
Q

What do you use to assess motility of the small Intestine?

A

Ultrasound

Contract medium

33
Q

What do you use to assess Transit time of the small intestine?

A

Contrast medium

34
Q

What do you use to assess Mucosal margins of the small intestine?

A

Ultrasound

Contrast medium

35
Q

What do you used to assess Character of wall of the small intestine?

A

Ultrasound

36
Q

What are the indications for a Barium study?

A

Persistent vomiting with cause unknown
Inconclusive radiographs
Ultrasound not available

37
Q

What are the upper GI contraindications of a Barium study?

A 
Obstruction 
Ingesta in the stomach or bowel 
Perforation 
Prior medication slowing GI function 
Subsequent endoscopy or Ultrasound
38
Q

Characteristics of Commercial Barium Sulfate

A

Does not sediment
Very consistent product
excellent coating of mucosa

39
Q

Characterisitics of Aqueous GI media

A 
Use if perforation is suspected 
use when concerned about aspiration 
Use when endoscopy will follow immediately 
Ionic vs non-ionic
Expensive
40
Q

When do you take Radiographic surveys during the barium study?

A

Immediately
15-30mins
30-60mins
Hourly until the barium is in the colon

41
Q

What views do you take immediately with a Barium Study?

A

R Lateral
Left Lateral
VD
DV

42
Q

What views do you take after 15-30 mins of the barium study?

A

R Lateral

VD

43
Q

What views do you take after 30-60 mins of the barium study?

A

R Lateral

VD

44
Q

What is the normal transit time of barium in the duodenum?

A

15 mins

45
Q

What is the normal transit time of barium in the Jejunum?

A

30 mins

46
Q

What is the normal transit time of barium to empty the stomach?

A

1-2 hours

47
Q

What is the normal transit time of barium to empty the jejunum?

A

6 hours

48
Q

Canine pseudoulcers

A

Lymphatic tissue causing voids on the side of the intestine

49
Q

What are normal variants found on radiographs with barium study?

A

Canine Pseudoulcers
Fimbriation
Feline “String of Pearls”

50
Q

Ileus

A

intestinal obstruction

51
Q

What are the two types of Ileus?

A

Mechanical

Paralytic

52
Q

What are the two types of Mechanical Ileus?

A

Partial

Complete

53
Q

What are the two types of Paralytic Ileus?

A

Adynamic

functional

54
Q

What cause Paralytic Ileus?

A 
Electrolyte imbalance
Ischemia
Peritonitis
Shock 
Toxin 
Narcotics
55
Q

What causes Mechanical Ileus?

A 
Foreign Body 
Tumor
Scarring/adhesions
Hernia
Volvulus
56
Q

What is the hallmark of obstruction seen on radiographs?

A

Enlarged bowel

57
Q

What are the two populations of bowel seen with Mechanical ileus?

A

Normal

Enlarged

58
Q

What degree of enlargement is greater, Mechanical or paralytic ileus?

A

Paralytic

59
Q

What do you see on paralytic ileus, gas or fluid?

A

Gas

60
Q

Gravel Sign

A

collection of small intestine foreign material due to chronic partial obstruction

61
Q

Linear Foreign object

A

Obstruction due to ingestion of linear material

ex: string or ribbon

62
Q

What do you see on a radiograph with Linear Foreign object?

A

Bunching
Plication
Comma or crescent shaped gas bubble

63
Q

What sign do you see with circumferential mural lesion?

A

“Apple core sign”

64
Q

What sign do you see with eccentric mural lesion?

A

“thumb printing”

65
Q

What are the “apple core sign” and “thum printing sign” associated with?

A

Neoplasia

66
Q

What are some differential diagnosis for the “thumb printing sign”

A

Lymphocytic plasmocytic enteritis
Parvovirus
Lymphoma
Eosinophilic infiltration

67
Q

What are some diffential diagnosis for loss of layers due to a thickened wall of the small intestine?

A

Neoplasia
Severe enteritis
Soiltary FIP granuloma

68
Q

What are the clinical signs of Colonic disease?

A 
Diarrhea
Straining
Reduced or absent fecal production 
abdominal pain 
abdominal distention 
abnormal rectal palpation
69
Q

What does the canine cecum usually contain?

A

Gas

70
Q

What are the three parts of the colon?

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending

71
Q

Is a redundant colon normal?

A

Yes

72
Q

What are the abnormalities of the Colon?

A

Impaction/Dilation

Displacement

73
Q

What is the most common impaction/dilation?

A

Generalized

74
Q

What are the causes of Impaction/Dilation?

A 
Idiopathic 
Stricture
Spinal Anomalies
Neuromuscular disorders
Perineal hernia
Congenital
75
Q

What spinal anomaly is seen in Manx?

A

sacrococcygeal agenesis

76
Q

What is a common mass seen when evaluating the colon?

A

Anal Sac tumor

RUSVM Diagnostic Imaging 2016 (27 decks)

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