Lower Urinary System Flashcards
What are the common clinical signs of Lower Urinary Disease?
Hematuria Dysuria Inappropriate urination Increased frequency of urination Stranguria
What bladder abnormalities detected in survey radiographs?
Calculi
Absent bladder
abdnormal gas
What is the opacity of Phosphate Calculi?
Radioopaque
What is the opacity of Oxalate Calculi?
Radioopaque
What is the opacity of Cystine Calculi?
Non-Radioopaque
What is the opacity of Urate Calculi?
Non-Radioopaque
What is the mnemonic for Radioopacity of Cystic Calculi?
I cannot C U
What are the types of cystography?
Positive contrast
Negative Contrast
Double Contrast
What are the requirements for preparation for a cystography?
Colon should be empty
Chemical restraint needed
Contrast medium is uslaly ionic water soluble organic iodinated media
What is Positive Contrast Cystography used for?
Detecting bladder rupture
Confirming location of urinary bladder
space occupying luminal mass
urachal diverticulum
Common cause of perianal hernia
prostatomegaly
Negative Contrast Cystography
used to assess bladder
evaluate ectopic ureters
Double Contrast Cystography
Evaluate filling defects
Filling defects due to free objects
are in the center of the contrast pool on multiple views because of the effect of gravity
Filling defects due to mural lesions
will not be in the center of the contrast pool in all views
Air Bubbles
have a circular well circumscribed margins
located at the periphery of the contrast pool
create a honeycomb appearance when multiple air bubbles aggregate
What are the indications for Urethrogram?
detect urethral obstructions or urethral rupture
What conditions are diagnosed using urethrogram?
Rupture
Stricture
Tumors
Complications of contrast procedures in Lower Urinary Tract?
Trauma from improper catheterization
Air embolus
Knotted or broken urinary catheters
How does the urinary bladder wall look with cystitis?
thick and irregular typically at the apex (cranioventral) - although diffuse thickening
What is the most common urinary bladder tumor?
Transitional cell carcinoma
What are the features of Transitional cell carcinoma?
Focal wall thickening often trigonum area
