Prostate and Uterus

Question 1

What are the clinical signs of prostatic disease?

Answer 1

Stranguria
Hematuria
Pyuria
Tenesmus/dyschezia/ribbon stool

Question 2

What is the modality of choice for evaluation of the prostate?

Answer 2

Ultrasonography

Question 3

What happens in the body when the prostate is enlarged?

Answer 3

Bladder is displaced cranially
Mass caudal to bladder
Rectum may be elevated
Triangle of fat between bladder, prostate, and ventral body wall

Question 4

Is the prostate gland seen in the cat?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

Retrograde Urethrogram and Prostatomegaly

Answer 5

allows assessment of urethral invasion but procedure has been replaced by US

Question 6

What factors do the features of the prostate depend on?

Answer 6

Age
Intact or neutered status
type and quality of the ultrasound equipment and machine settings

Question 7

Where is the Prostate located?

Answer 7

Caudal to the bladder neck

Question 8

What is the echoogenicity of the Prostate?

Answer 8

Medium homogenous echogenicity with smooth margins

Question 9

How does the Prostate appear on ultrasound?

Answer 9

2 symmetrical lobes on transverse section

small anechoic lumen surrounded by a thin hyperechoic band

Question 10

What is the most common cause of Prostatomegaly?

Answer 10

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

Question 11

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

Answer 11

Enlarges due to increases in volume in the intercellular and ductal spaces

Question 12

What does Prostatitis and Prostatic Abscessation look like on Ultrasound?

Answer 12

Cavitary Lesions
Mottled to heterogenous echogenicity
possible increased echogenicity of the extra-prostatic tissues

Question 13

Paraprostatic cysts

Answer 13

usually pedunculated, well marginated and often appear cranial to the urinary bladder

Question 14

Prostatic cyst appearance on ultrasound

Answer 14

contain anechoic fluid
acoustic enhancement
thin wall

Question 15

What is the classic site of metastasis for urogenital cancer?

Answer 15

L5-L7

Question 16

What is the best modality to evaluate the uterus?

Answer 16

Ultrasound

Question 17

How does the uterus appear on Ultrasound?

Answer 17

Tubular structure with a lack of intestinal layering

Question 18

When is the earliest detectable mineralizations in dog pregnancy?

Answer 18

42 days

Question 19

When is the earliest detectable mineralizations in cat pregnancy?

Answer 19

35 days

Question 20

When is a normal fetal heart beat detected on ultrasound?

Answer 20

23-25 days

Question 21

How fast should a fetal heartbeat be?

Answer 21

1.5-2 times the mother’s heart rate

Question 22

What are the differential diagnoses of a uterus with generalized enlargement without mineralization?

Answer 22

Early pregnancy
Pyometra
Hydrometra
Mucometra

Question 23

What are the signs of Fetal Death to look for?

Answer 23

Gas within uterus or fetus
Mineralized structures do NOT maintain normal alignment and shape
Overlap and compression of the bones especially the ones in the skull
Lack of heart beat
the organs become indistinct and hypoechoic

Question 24

What is the modality of choice to assess the Testes and Ovaries?

Answer 24

Ultrasound

Question 25

How do testicular tissue appear on Ultrasound?

Answer 25

homogenous with a fine granular echogenic texture

central hyperechoic line represents mediastinum testis

Question 26

What happens with testicular torsion?

Answer 26

Testicular Enlargement and venous congestion

Question 27

How does testicular torsion look on ultrasound?

Answer 27

hypoechoic appearance due to edema

Question 28

How does orchitis appear on ultrasound?

Answer 28

diffuse, patchy hypoechoic parenchymal pattern

Question 29

Where are ovaries located?

Answer 29

caudal pole of the kidneys

Question 30

How do polycystic kidneys appear on ultrasound?

Answer 30

irregular well-circumscribed massed with multiple compartments containing anechoic fluid