Prostate and Uterus Flashcards
What are the clinical signs of prostatic disease?
Stranguria
Hematuria
Pyuria
Tenesmus/dyschezia/ribbon stool
What is the modality of choice for evaluation of the prostate?
Ultrasonography
What happens in the body when the prostate is enlarged?
Bladder is displaced cranially
Mass caudal to bladder
Rectum may be elevated
Triangle of fat between bladder, prostate, and ventral body wall
Is the prostate gland seen in the cat?
No
Retrograde Urethrogram and Prostatomegaly
allows assessment of urethral invasion but procedure has been replaced by US
What factors do the features of the prostate depend on?
Age
Intact or neutered status
type and quality of the ultrasound equipment and machine settings
Where is the Prostate located?
Caudal to the bladder neck
What is the echoogenicity of the Prostate?
Medium homogenous echogenicity with smooth margins
How does the Prostate appear on ultrasound?
2 symmetrical lobes on transverse section
small anechoic lumen surrounded by a thin hyperechoic band
What is the most common cause of Prostatomegaly?
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Enlarges due to increases in volume in the intercellular and ductal spaces
What does Prostatitis and Prostatic Abscessation look like on Ultrasound?
Cavitary Lesions
Mottled to heterogenous echogenicity
possible increased echogenicity of the extra-prostatic tissues
Paraprostatic cysts
usually pedunculated, well marginated and often appear cranial to the urinary bladder
Prostatic cyst appearance on ultrasound
contain anechoic fluid
acoustic enhancement
thin wall
What is the classic site of metastasis for urogenital cancer?
L5-L7
What is the best modality to evaluate the uterus?
Ultrasound
How does the uterus appear on Ultrasound?
Tubular structure with a lack of intestinal layering
When is the earliest detectable mineralizations in dog pregnancy?
42 days
When is the earliest detectable mineralizations in cat pregnancy?
35 days
When is a normal fetal heart beat detected on ultrasound?
23-25 days
How fast should a fetal heartbeat be?
1.5-2 times the mother’s heart rate
What are the differential diagnoses of a uterus with generalized enlargement without mineralization?
Early pregnancy
Pyometra
Hydrometra
Mucometra
What are the signs of Fetal Death to look for?
Gas within uterus or fetus
Mineralized structures do NOT maintain normal alignment and shape
Overlap and compression of the bones especially the ones in the skull
Lack of heart beat
the organs become indistinct and hypoechoic
What is the modality of choice to assess the Testes and Ovaries?
Ultrasound
How do testicular tissue appear on Ultrasound?
homogenous with a fine granular echogenic texture
central hyperechoic line represents mediastinum testis
What happens with testicular torsion?
Testicular Enlargement and venous congestion
How does testicular torsion look on ultrasound?
hypoechoic appearance due to edema
How does orchitis appear on ultrasound?
diffuse, patchy hypoechoic parenchymal pattern
Where are ovaries located?
caudal pole of the kidneys
How do polycystic kidneys appear on ultrasound?
irregular well-circumscribed massed with multiple compartments containing anechoic fluid
