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Pathology > Spinal pathology > Flashcards

Spinal pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what affect both spinal cord and vertebral column

A

spinal metastasis

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2
Q

what is it called when mets affects vertebral column

A

vertebral metastasis

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3
Q

what is the primary source of spinal metastasis

A

breast

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4
Q

what is second source of spinal metastasis

A

lung cancer

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5
Q

70% of metastatic spinal lesions appear where

A

thoracic spine

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6
Q

approximately what % of mets present in multiples (of vertebral column)

A

50%

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7
Q

what are benign slow growing intramedullary tumors

A

spinal ependymoma

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8
Q

why are ependymoma termed that

A

they arise from the ependymal cells in central canal of spinal cord

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9
Q

what is the most common primary tumor of spinal cord

A

ependymoma

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10
Q

what % do ependymoma account for primary neoplasms of spinal cord and filum terminale

A

60%

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11
Q

what is the imaging of choice for ependymoma

A

MRI

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12
Q

where do ependymoma grow from

A

only in or from spinal cord itself

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13
Q

what is not uncommon though when it comes to ependymoma

A

intrusion into vertebral column

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14
Q

what came MRI show when talking about ependymomas

A

defined tumor in spinal cord

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15
Q

what can MRI and CT both demonstrate

A

boney erosion, widening of spinal canal, and thickening of spinal cord

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16
Q

what can also accompany an ependymomas

A

cystic lesions

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17
Q

what are slow growing benign tumors growing from meninges

A

spinal meningiomas

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18
Q

how can meningiomas occur

A

singularly or in multiples throughout CNS

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19
Q

where do meningiomas almost exclusively occur

A

surface of the brain or spinal cord

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20
Q

where do the meningiomas occur

A

extend from meninges on periphery of spinal cord

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21
Q

what are spinal meningiomas often do

A

corrode vertebral column and displace spinal cord

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22
Q

what is also called a burst fracture

A

compression fracture

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23
Q

what is the result of excessive compressive force on spine

A

compression fracture

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24
Q

what is compression fracture also known as

A

axial loading

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25
Q

what happens do intervertebral disc in compression fracture

A

driven into vertebral body below

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26
Q

what happens to the vertebrae in compression fracture

A

collapses on itself

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27
Q

when vertebrae collapses on itself, what does it result in

A

numerous fractures through the vertebral body and arch

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28
Q

what can also occur secondary to osteoporosis metastatic disease

A

burst fracture

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29
Q

what plane are compression fractures most apparent in

A

sagittal plane

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30
Q

how do compression fractures appear when imaged

A

vertebral body is notably shortened, fracture lines are usually visible and bone fragments may extend in several directions (even into spinal cord)

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31
Q

a single traumatic event may result in what

A

several compression fractures through spine

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32
Q

what is general term meaning dislocation or displacement of a structure

A

subluxation

33
Q

what is a common complication of vertebral fractures

A

vertebral or spinal subluxation

34
Q

what can be the result in variable amounts of subluxation

A

unstable spinal fractures

35
Q

when is subluxation most dangerous

A

when spinal cord is impinged by the dislocated vertebra or fracture fragment

36
Q

subluxation is not always related to what

A

a fracture or traumatic injury

37
Q

what is a condition that develops over time in which the intervertebral disc slides out of alignment from the spinal column

A

bulging disc

38
Q

what is required when the disc presses onto spinal cord or nerve roots

A

intervention (surgery)

39
Q

what is often the result of injury or trauma to the spine

A

ruptured disc

40
Q

what is a ruptured disc also known as

A

herniated disc

41
Q

what does the disc do in the condition of a herniated or ruptured disc

A

contents of disc protrude outsides its normal orientation

42
Q

what is the contents of the disc

A

nucleus pulpous

43
Q

how can a disc cause pain

A

by pressing onto spinal cord or spinal nerves

44
Q

a bulging disc can do what

A

herniate or rupture

45
Q

bulging discs and herniated disc are virtually what in sectional imaging

A

indistinguishable

46
Q

what do both bulging disc and herniated disc show in imaging

A

intrusion of the intervertebral disc outside its normal orientation and into spinal canal

47
Q

what do serious conditions show when talking about disc abnormalities

A

show impingement of spinal cord

48
Q

what is the progressive narrowing of the spinal canal and eventually impingement of spinal cord

A

spinal stenosis

49
Q

spinal stenosis is secondary to a number of conditions including what

A

herniated and ruptured disc, degenerative disease of spine, subluxation, spondylolisthesis, and trauma

50
Q

how can spinal stenosis be imaged

A

visualized as an apparent narrowing of the vertebral canal at one more vertebral levels

51
Q

what is an attachment or connection

52
Q

what is a condition in which the movement of the spinal cord is constrained by abnormal tissue attachments

A

tethered cord

53
Q

how can a tethered spinal cord occur

A

can be a primary congenital anomaly or secondary to another condition and or injury

54
Q

when there is a tethered cord present, when imaging it shows abnormal tissue connections that do what to cord and CSF

A

restrict cord movement and CSF movement around cord

55
Q

what is the result of tethered cord

A

abnormal collections of CSF

56
Q

what are other signs of tethered cord

A

especially low conus medullaris (below L2), thickening of filum terminale, and intradural lipoma (fatty tumor inside dura mater)

57
Q

what is tethered cord often associated with

A

other malformations, especially spina bifida

58
Q

what is most common congenital defect of CNS

A

spina bifida

59
Q

what is characterized by incomplete closure of the vertebral canal

A

spina bifida

60
Q

what is a latin term meaning “left in two parts”

61
Q

some forms of spina bifida are ______ & ______ while others are ______, ______, &_____

A

mild and undiagnosed, severe, debilitating, and life-threating

62
Q

how is spina bifida imaged in sectional imaging

A

visualized as an incomplete vertebral column

63
Q

where does spina bifida almost always occur at

A

dorsal surface

64
Q

in some cases of spina bifida, it can be accompanied by what

A

a meningocele

65
Q

what is a meningocele

A

collection of CSF formed by herniation of the meninges through the opening in the vertebral canal

66
Q

what happens in severe cases of spina bifida when concerning a meningocele

A

it portions off the spinal cord

67
Q

what is it called when a meningocele portions off spinal cord

A

myelomeningocele

68
Q

what is literally spin slipping

A

spondylolisthesis

69
Q

what is a kind of subluxation

A

spondylolisthesis

70
Q

how is spondylolisthesis a kind of subluxation

A

a vertebra is anteriorly displaced relative to the vertebra below it

71
Q

where is the condition spondylolisthesis most common

A

lumbar and sacral

72
Q

what are some of the causes of spondylolisthesis

A

congenital defects, degenerative disease, and trauma

73
Q

how is spondylolsithesis best imaged

A

in sagittal views of spine

74
Q

what is an autoimmune arthritic condition of chronic spin inflammation resulting in abnormal vertebral stiffening and fusion

A

ankylosing spondylitis

75
Q

what is another term for inflammation

A

spondylitis

76
Q

what is another term for fusion

A

ankylosing

77
Q

where does ankylosing spondylitis almost exclusively appear

A

in lumbar, sacral and SI joints

78
Q

what does ankylosing spondylitis show in sectional imaging

A

boney erosin throughout the vertebra

79
Q

what else does ankylosing spondylitis show in imaging

A

redistribution of bone between adjoining vertebrae

Pathology (15 decks)

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