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Pathology > GU system > Flashcards

GU system Flashcards

1
Q

what does PKD stand for

A

polycystic kidney disease

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2
Q

what is a serious condition characterized by an increasing number of cyst formations in the kidneys

A

PKD

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3
Q

by the age of 60, what % of PKD patient will have developed end stage renal failure

A

50%

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4
Q

how does PKD appear

A

numerous cysts throughout both kidneys

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5
Q

in advanced stages of PKD, it can affect other organs - especially which one

A

liver

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6
Q

what is also known as renal calculi and urolithiasis

A

renal stones

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7
Q

what do those terms describe

A

condition of stone formation in urinary tract

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8
Q

where do renal stones originate in

A

collecting system of kidneys

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9
Q

where can stones move into

A

ureters and bladder

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10
Q

what are the different causes of renal stones

A

dehydration, low fluid intake, high caffeine intake, recurrent UTIs and several metabolic abnormalities

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11
Q

what can renal calculi lodge in ureters cause

A

obstruction of urine flow

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12
Q

what is a result of obstruction of urine flow

A

hydronephrosis

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13
Q

what is hydronephrosis

A

condition of swelling of kidneys and collection system as a result of urine backup

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14
Q

what is often visible even when stone is too small to be imaged

A

hydronephrosis

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15
Q

what is RCC

A

renal cell carcinoma

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16
Q

what is most common malignant neoplasm of kidneys

A

renal cell carinoma

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17
Q

what does RCC commonly affect

A

all components of kidneys (cortex, medulla, and collecting system)

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18
Q

what are the features RCC generally demonstrates

A

general kidney enlargement, large lesions show areas of necrosis and 30% of RCC show calcification

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19
Q

RCC can be unifocal or multifocal

A

true

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20
Q

what is a malignant pediatric renal tumor

A

wilm’s tumor

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21
Q

wilm’s tumor accounts for what % of all peds renal neoplasms

A

85%

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22
Q

what % of wilm’s tumors are diagnosed before the age of 5

A

80%

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23
Q

how is wilm’s tumor visualized

A

large mass completely replacing kidney and filling one side of abdominal cavity

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24
Q

wilm’s condition is usually what

A

unilateral

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25
Q

what is a common consequence of trauma to abdomen

A

kidney laceration

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26
Q

what is fractured followed by hemorrhage and sometimes infarct in kidney laceration

A

renal parenchyma

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27
Q

what does imaging show when talking about lacerations

A

not laceration itself, but effects.

they are:
atypical/non uniform contrast perfusion through organ, limited or absence of contrast, contrast extravasation in or around organ, and hematoma in area of organ

28
Q

what is a congenital condition in which the kidneys are fused together at the upper or lower poles

A

horseshoe kidney

29
Q

the horseshoe condition renders the kidneys especially susceptible to what

A

trauma, renal stone, and renal cancer

30
Q

how do kidneys appear in horseshoe kidney

A

elongation in transverse plane and medial fusion

31
Q

what is most common bladder cancer

A

transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)

32
Q

what is most common tumor of entire urinary tract

A

TCC

33
Q

how do bladder TCCs most often appear

A

as asymmetric wall thickening or a mass protruding from the bladder wall into the body of bladder

34
Q

occasionally, bladder TCC can do what

A

protrude out of bladder wall and invade surrounding tissues

35
Q

what can adrenal gland host

A

benign, malignant and cystic lesions

36
Q

what can malignant lesions of adrenals be

A

both primary and secondary neoplasms

37
Q

what are at least 90% of uterine malignancies classified as

A

endometrial cancer

38
Q

what is most common gynecological malignancy

A

endometrial cancer

39
Q

how can endometrial cancer appear as

A

abnormal endometrial wall thickening in early stages, in later stages as large, necrotic, loculated mass filling in pelvis and even abd

40
Q

what is a benign lesion of uterus

A

uterina leiomyoma

41
Q

what else is a uterus lesion known as

A

uterine fibroids

42
Q

what is a solid soft tissue tumor

A

uterina leiomyoma

43
Q

uterine fibroids occur in what % of women of reproductive age

A

20-30%

44
Q

how do fibroids appear

A

greatly in size and distribution throughout uterus

45
Q

how do fibroids also appear

A

as well defined, round, soft tissue masses

46
Q

what is common with fibroids

A

calcification

47
Q

how can ovarian tumors be

A

benign, malignant and solid or cystic

48
Q

what is a distinguishing factor of ovarian tumors

A

ovarian enlargement

49
Q

what are all signals of abnormal ovarian growth

A

ovarian wall thickening, cystic changes, and calcifications

50
Q

what are commonly encountered in sectional imaging

A

ovarian cysts

51
Q

how do ovarian cysts present

A

as small to large fluid collections extending from the ovaries

52
Q

a small cyst (<25mm) should be considered what in women of reproductive age

A

normal ovarian follicle

53
Q

a simple benign cyst is also completely what

A

homogenous and without loculations

54
Q

what is most common cancer in men

A

prostate cancer

55
Q

what is 2nd most common cause of death in men

A

prostate cancer

56
Q

what is prostate cancer sometimes referred to as

A

prostatic carcinoma or prostatic adenocarcinoma

57
Q

where does prostate cancer gerenally being

A

in posterior portion (peripheral zone) near rectum

58
Q

how is prostate cancer apparent in sectional imaging

A

general prostate enlargement, asymmetry, and lymphadenopathy

59
Q

advanced prostatic cancer shows metastasis to what

A

the bones

60
Q

what is often necessary to distinguish between prostate cancer and benign prostate hypertrophy

A

biopsy

61
Q

what is BPH

A

benign prostate hypertrophy

62
Q

what is extremely common in elderly men

A

BPH

63
Q

what can BPH result in

A

urine outflow obstructions

64
Q

by the age of what, 90% of men have some degree of BPH

A

90

65
Q

BPH appears similar to prostatic cancer expect what

A

there is no lymph involvement, no focal mass lesion, and enlargement is generally more symmetrical

Pathology (15 decks)

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