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Pathology > Brain Pathology > Flashcards

Brain Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasm

A

abnormal collection of cells in brain

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2
Q

mailgnant

A

cancerous

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3
Q

benign

A

non-cancerous

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4
Q

most common lesions of brain

A

metastatic brain cancer

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5
Q

metastatic dissemination

A

spread

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6
Q

how does metastatic dissemination occur

A

through hematogenous (blood)

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7
Q

what is the choice of imaging of mets

A

MRI

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8
Q

what appears as several well defined spherical lesions in area of brain

A

mets

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9
Q

neoplasms that originate from tissues in brain are termed what

A

gliomas

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10
Q

how are gliomas names

A

according to the tissues at which they arise

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11
Q

where is an astrocytoma arise from

A

astrocytes

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12
Q

meningiomas grow from where

A

meninges, not the brain tissues

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13
Q

most common primary brain cancer

A

astrocytomas

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14
Q

another name for astrocytoma

A

glioblastomas

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15
Q

account for what % of all brain tumors (gliblastomas)

A

35%

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16
Q

astrocytomas are almost always what

A

malignant

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17
Q

astrocytomas can arise from where

A

almost any site throughout the CNS

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18
Q

medulloblastomas

A

most aggressive primary brain tumor

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19
Q

medulloblastomas are highly what

A

malignant

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20
Q

what forms from the cerebrellum/posterior fossa of cranial cavity

A

medulloblastomas

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21
Q

what are benign, slow growing tumors

A

meningiomas

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22
Q

where do meningiomas grow from

A

meninges

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23
Q

how can meningiomas occur

A

singularly, or in multiples throughout CNS

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24
Q

how do meningiomas look when imaged

A

almost exclusively on surface of brain or spinal cord

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25
Q

acoustic neuromas are also called

A

acoustic schwannomas

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26
Q

what is another term for acousitc neuromas and schwannomas

A

vestibular schwannomas

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27
Q

which type of tumor are schwannomas

A

benign

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28
Q

where do acoustic neuromas grow from

A

schwann cells of the vestibule portion of theeighth cranial nerve

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29
Q

how do schwannomas usually appear when imaged

A

usually unilateral tumors appearing at base of brain near brainstem

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30
Q

benign tumors that grow from pituitary

A

pituitary adenomas

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31
Q

what can result in mass effect in the brain and significant hormonal imbalances

A

pituitary adenomas

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32
Q

loss of brain function due to a disturbance in blood flow to brain

A

stroke

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33
Q

permanent loss of brain functioning

A

CVA

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34
Q

temporal loss of brain functioning

A

TIA

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35
Q

what are the 2 distinct mechanisms that cause CVA

A

ischemic or hemorrhagic

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36
Q

what results from events that limit or stop blood flow

A

ischemic stroke

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37
Q

what are some of the causes of ischemic stroke

A

extracranial or intercranial thrombosis embolism, thrombosis in situ, and arterial stenosis

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38
Q

as blood flow decreases, neurons in brain cease what

A

funcitoning

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39
Q

arterial occlusions causing CVA may occur where

A

IACs, vertebral arteries, basilar artery or in cerebral or communicating arteries in COW

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40
Q

what is most common place for arterial occlusions causing the CVA

A

cerebral or communicating arteries in COW

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41
Q

ischemic stroke is caused by

A

embolism

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42
Q

ischemic stroke are not accompanied by what

A

blood extravasation in brain

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43
Q

what studies help to precisely identify the occluded or stenosed vessel(s) responsible for infarct in brain

A

angiography

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44
Q

where are ischemic strokes most common in brain

A

cerebrum, but may occur in cerebellum or brainstem

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45
Q

cerebral infarct may be secondary to what

A

brain lesions

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46
Q

what is bleeding within cranial cavity resulting in neurological deficits

A

hemorrhagic stroke

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47
Q

in hemorrhagic stroke, blood escaped the cerebral vasculature and collects where

A

in parenchyma of brain

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48
Q

what are hemorrhagic strokes also called

A

intracranial hemorrhage (ICH)

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49
Q

another term for hemorrhagic stroke

A

intracranial bleed (ICB)

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50
Q

ICB account for what % of all strokes

A

8-13%

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51
Q

what is more likely to result in death (ischemic or hemorrhagic)

A

hemorrhagic

52
Q

what may or may not result in blood collecting in the ventricles

A

ICB

53
Q

ICBs are associated with significant what

A

edema and mass effect

54
Q

what does mass effect mean

A

compression of surround structures

55
Q

subdural hematomas are also called what (2 different things)

A

subdural bleed or subdural hemorrhage

56
Q

collection of blood outside of the brain (between dural and arachnoid mater)

A

subdural hematomas

57
Q

SDHs can be spontaneous but usually result of what

A

traumatic injury

58
Q

what is common in elderly population

A

subdural hematomas

59
Q

SDHs appear where on brain

A

surface of brain

60
Q

appearance of SDHs depends on what

A

age of injury

61
Q

SDH is characteristically what shape

A

crescent

62
Q

SDH - can they result in significant mass-effect

A

yes

63
Q

epidural hematomas

A

hemorrhage into the potential space between dura and adjacent bone

64
Q

EDH can occur how

A

intracranially or intraspinally

65
Q

EDH can result in what if not diagnosed and treated promptly

A

morbidity

66
Q

EDH are almost all associated with what

A

skull fractures

67
Q

EDH can be distinguished from SDH by what shape

A

elliptical shape

68
Q

true or false : EDH usually do not cross the sutures

A

true

69
Q

a form of ICB caused by traumatic injuries

A

brain contusion

70
Q

how do brain contusions appear when imaged

A

similar to traditional ICBs

71
Q

what are brain contusions often associated with

A

edema

72
Q

cerebral infection which has formed an area of localized absecess

A

brain abscess

73
Q

how may brain abscesses be formed

A

by direct extension of scalp, sinus, or dental infection

74
Q

how else can brain abscesses arrive in cerebrum

A

hematological spread (from the blood)

75
Q

when brain abscesses are imaged, how do they appear

A

walled cavity filled with infected fluid, blood and sometimes air

76
Q

what are most brain abscesses

A

rim-enhancing (collects contrast)

77
Q

what is routinely associated with necrosis of brain matter, surrounding edema, but not usually blood

A

brain abscess

78
Q

why is pt history vital to brain abscess

A

because they can present in very similar forms to other rim enhancing lesions such as brain tumors

79
Q

inflammation of brain

A

encephalitis

80
Q

usually refers to brain inflammation resulting from an infection

A

encephalitis

81
Q

2 forms of encephalitis

A

primary and secondary

82
Q

direct viral infection of brain and spinal cord

A

primary encephalitis

83
Q

viral infection first occurs elsewhere in body and travels to brain

A

secondary encephalitis

84
Q

appears as localized or diffuse inflammation through brain

A

encephalitis

85
Q

brain appears swollen and gray white matter differentiation is blurred

A

encephalitis

86
Q

where is encephalitis common in brain

A

temporal lobes

87
Q

pt hx is critical to differentiate between encephalitis and what

A

ischemic stroke

88
Q

infection originating from and primarily affecting meninges

A

meningitis

89
Q

how is meningitis usually characterized by

A

infection in the CSF

90
Q

since meningitis is infection in CSF, it allows infectious agents that can communicate throughtout

A

brain

91
Q

what does meningitis affect

A

brain and spinal cord

92
Q

when imaged, appears similar to encephalitis

A

meningitis

93
Q

how can you tell its meningitis

A

inflammation is localized around major meninges in brain

94
Q

what can be localized or diffuse inflammation though the brain

A

meningitis

95
Q

in severe cases, entire brain appears swollen

A

meningitis

96
Q

AMV

A

arterial venous malformations

97
Q

congenital lesions composed of a complex tangle of arteries and veins connected by one or more fistulae

A

arterial venous malformation (AMV)

98
Q

feeding arteries drain directly to the draining veins

A

AMV

99
Q

can be present throughout body but most malicious in brain

A

AMV

100
Q

appears as exactly what they are - complex web of vascular formations

A

AMV

101
Q

how are veins appearance when AMV is present

A

dilated and intrude into surrounding structures

102
Q

cerebral aneurysms can occur in what ways

A

2 forms, traditional form and saccular cerebral eneurysms

103
Q

arterial wall is weakened, thinned, and vessels in permanently dialted outside of normal paramters

A

traditional form of cerebral aneursysm

104
Q

characteristic rounded shape

A

saccular cerebral aneurysms

105
Q

account for vast majority of intracranial hemorrhages

A

berry aneurysms

106
Q

another term for saccular cerebral aneurysms

A

berry aneurysms

107
Q

vessel wall weakens to point it erupts, allowing blood extravasation into subarachnoid space

A

saccular cerebral aneurysms

108
Q

easily identified by characteristic spherical appearance on angiographic imaging

A

cerebral aneurysms

109
Q

where do most cerebral aneurysms appear

A

COW

110
Q

when berry aneurysms ruptures in COW, what is visible

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

111
Q

most common cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH)

A

saccular cerebral aneurysms

112
Q

SAH visualized as hemorrhage concentrated in what

A

suprasellar cistern

113
Q

if cerebral aneurysm ruptures or forms a thrombus, may be associated with what

A

stroke-like symptoms and cerebral infarct

114
Q

disturbance of formation, flow, or absorption of CSF

A

hydrocephalus

115
Q

what leads to an increase in volume occupied by fluid in CNS

A

hydrocephalus

116
Q

hydrocephalus is especially seen where

A

in ventricles

117
Q

other conditions that lead to an abnormal increase of CSF in CNS

A

cerebral atrophy and destructive brain lesions

118
Q

loss of cerebral tissue leaves a vance space filled passively with

A

CSF

119
Q

easily recognized as overly engorged lateral ventricles

A

hydrocephalus

120
Q

abnormal, sac-like filled structure that can be found anywhere in body

A

cysts

121
Q

most common cyst in brain

A

arachnoid cyst

122
Q

forms an extension of the arachnoid membrane

A

arachnoid cyst

123
Q

what are arachnoid cyst filled with

A

CSF

124
Q

although arachnoid cysts are benign, they can do what

A

compress surrounding cerebral structures

125
Q

inflammatory auto-immune disease

A

multiple sclerosis (MS)

Pathology (15 decks)

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