Brain Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
neoplasm
A
abnormal collection of cells in brain
2
Q
mailgnant
A
cancerous
3
Q
benign
A
non-cancerous
4
Q
most common lesions of brain
A
metastatic brain cancer
5
Q
metastatic dissemination
A
spread
6
Q
how does metastatic dissemination occur
A
through hematogenous (blood)
7
Q
what is the choice of imaging of mets
A
MRI
8
Q
what appears as several well defined spherical lesions in area of brain
A
mets
9
Q
neoplasms that originate from tissues in brain are termed what
A
gliomas
10
Q
how are gliomas names
A
according to the tissues at which they arise
11
Q
where is an astrocytoma arise from
A
astrocytes
12
Q
meningiomas grow from where
A
meninges, not the brain tissues
13
Q
most common primary brain cancer
A
astrocytomas
14
Q
another name for astrocytoma
A
glioblastomas
15
Q
account for what % of all brain tumors (gliblastomas)
A
35%
16
Q
astrocytomas are almost always what
A
malignant
17
Q
astrocytomas can arise from where
A
almost any site throughout the CNS
18
Q
medulloblastomas
A
most aggressive primary brain tumor
19
Q
medulloblastomas are highly what
A
malignant
20
Q
what forms from the cerebrellum/posterior fossa of cranial cavity
A
medulloblastomas
21
Q
what are benign, slow growing tumors
A
meningiomas
22
Q
where do meningiomas grow from
A
meninges
23
Q
how can meningiomas occur
A
singularly, or in multiples throughout CNS
24
Q
how do meningiomas look when imaged
A
almost exclusively on surface of brain or spinal cord
25
acoustic neuromas are also called
acoustic schwannomas
26
what is another term for acousitc neuromas and schwannomas
vestibular schwannomas
27
which type of tumor are schwannomas
benign
28
where do acoustic neuromas grow from
schwann cells of the vestibule portion of theeighth cranial nerve
29
how do schwannomas usually appear when imaged
usually unilateral tumors appearing at base of brain near brainstem
30
benign tumors that grow from pituitary
pituitary adenomas
31
what can result in mass effect in the brain and significant hormonal imbalances
pituitary adenomas
32
loss of brain function due to a disturbance in blood flow to brain
stroke
33
permanent loss of brain functioning
CVA
34
temporal loss of brain functioning
TIA
35
what are the 2 distinct mechanisms that cause CVA
ischemic or hemorrhagic
36
what results from events that limit or stop blood flow
ischemic stroke
37
what are some of the causes of ischemic stroke
extracranial or intercranial thrombosis embolism, thrombosis in situ, and arterial stenosis
38
as blood flow decreases, neurons in brain cease what
funcitoning
39
arterial occlusions causing CVA may occur where
IACs, vertebral arteries, basilar artery or in cerebral or communicating arteries in COW
40
what is most common place for arterial occlusions causing the CVA
cerebral or communicating arteries in COW
41
ischemic stroke is caused by
embolism
42
ischemic stroke are not accompanied by what
blood extravasation in brain
43
what studies help to precisely identify the occluded or stenosed vessel(s) responsible for infarct in brain
angiography
44
where are ischemic strokes most common in brain
cerebrum, but may occur in cerebellum or brainstem
45
cerebral infarct may be secondary to what
brain lesions
46
what is bleeding within cranial cavity resulting in neurological deficits
hemorrhagic stroke
47
in hemorrhagic stroke, blood escaped the cerebral vasculature and collects where
in parenchyma of brain
48
what are hemorrhagic strokes also called
intracranial hemorrhage (ICH)
49
another term for hemorrhagic stroke
intracranial bleed (ICB)
50
ICB account for what % of all strokes
8-13%
51
what is more likely to result in death (ischemic or hemorrhagic)
hemorrhagic
52
what may or may not result in blood collecting in the ventricles
ICB
53
ICBs are associated with significant what
edema and mass effect
54
what does mass effect mean
compression of surround structures
55
subdural hematomas are also called what (2 different things)
subdural bleed or subdural hemorrhage
56
collection of blood outside of the brain (between dural and arachnoid mater)
subdural hematomas
57
SDHs can be spontaneous but usually result of what
traumatic injury
58
what is common in elderly population
subdural hematomas
59
SDHs appear where on brain
surface of brain
60
appearance of SDHs depends on what
age of injury
61
SDH is characteristically what shape
crescent
62
SDH - can they result in significant mass-effect
yes
63
epidural hematomas
hemorrhage into the potential space between dura and adjacent bone
64
EDH can occur how
intracranially or intraspinally
65
EDH can result in what if not diagnosed and treated promptly
morbidity
66
EDH are almost all associated with what
skull fractures
67
EDH can be distinguished from SDH by what shape
elliptical shape
68
true or false : EDH usually do not cross the sutures
true
69
a form of ICB caused by traumatic injuries
brain contusion
70
how do brain contusions appear when imaged
similar to traditional ICBs
71
what are brain contusions often associated with
edema
72
cerebral infection which has formed an area of localized absecess
brain abscess
73
how may brain abscesses be formed
by direct extension of scalp, sinus, or dental infection
74
how else can brain abscesses arrive in cerebrum
hematological spread (from the blood)
75
when brain abscesses are imaged, how do they appear
walled cavity filled with infected fluid, blood and sometimes air
76
what are most brain abscesses
rim-enhancing (collects contrast)
77
what is routinely associated with necrosis of brain matter, surrounding edema, but not usually blood
brain abscess
78
why is pt history vital to brain abscess
because they can present in very similar forms to other rim enhancing lesions such as brain tumors
79
inflammation of brain
encephalitis
80
usually refers to brain inflammation resulting from an infection
encephalitis
81
2 forms of encephalitis
primary and secondary
82
direct viral infection of brain and spinal cord
primary encephalitis
83
viral infection first occurs elsewhere in body and travels to brain
secondary encephalitis
84
appears as localized or diffuse inflammation through brain
encephalitis
85
brain appears swollen and gray white matter differentiation is blurred
encephalitis
86
where is encephalitis common in brain
temporal lobes
87
pt hx is critical to differentiate between encephalitis and what
ischemic stroke
88
infection originating from and primarily affecting meninges
meningitis
89
how is meningitis usually characterized by
infection in the CSF
90
since meningitis is infection in CSF, it allows infectious agents that can communicate throughtout
brain
91
what does meningitis affect
brain and spinal cord
92
when imaged, appears similar to encephalitis
meningitis
93
how can you tell its meningitis
inflammation is localized around major meninges in brain
94
what can be localized or diffuse inflammation though the brain
meningitis
95
in severe cases, entire brain appears swollen
meningitis
96
AMV
arterial venous malformations
97
congenital lesions composed of a complex tangle of arteries and veins connected by one or more fistulae
arterial venous malformation (AMV)
98
feeding arteries drain directly to the draining veins
AMV
99
can be present throughout body but most malicious in brain
AMV
100
appears as exactly what they are - complex web of vascular formations
AMV
101
how are veins appearance when AMV is present
dilated and intrude into surrounding structures
102
cerebral aneurysms can occur in what ways
2 forms, traditional form and saccular cerebral eneurysms
103
arterial wall is weakened, thinned, and vessels in permanently dialted outside of normal paramters
traditional form of cerebral aneursysm
104
characteristic rounded shape
saccular cerebral aneurysms
105
account for vast majority of intracranial hemorrhages
berry aneurysms
106
another term for saccular cerebral aneurysms
berry aneurysms
107
vessel wall weakens to point it erupts, allowing blood extravasation into subarachnoid space
saccular cerebral aneurysms
108
easily identified by characteristic spherical appearance on angiographic imaging
cerebral aneurysms
109
where do most cerebral aneurysms appear
COW
110
when berry aneurysms ruptures in COW, what is visible
subarachnoid hemorrhage
111
most common cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH)
saccular cerebral aneurysms
112
SAH visualized as hemorrhage concentrated in what
suprasellar cistern
113
if cerebral aneurysm ruptures or forms a thrombus, may be associated with what
stroke-like symptoms and cerebral infarct
114
disturbance of formation, flow, or absorption of CSF
hydrocephalus
115
what leads to an increase in volume occupied by fluid in CNS
hydrocephalus
116
hydrocephalus is especially seen where
in ventricles
117
other conditions that lead to an abnormal increase of CSF in CNS
cerebral atrophy and destructive brain lesions
118
loss of cerebral tissue leaves a vance space filled passively with
CSF
119
easily recognized as overly engorged lateral ventricles
hydrocephalus
120
abnormal, sac-like filled structure that can be found anywhere in body
cysts
121
most common cyst in brain
arachnoid cyst
122
forms an extension of the arachnoid membrane
arachnoid cyst
123
what are arachnoid cyst filled with
CSF
124
although arachnoid cysts are benign, they can do what
compress surrounding cerebral structures
125
inflammatory auto-immune disease
multiple sclerosis (MS)
