Common Pathology Flashcards
tumor
abnormal growth of body tissue
neoplasm
another term for tumor
malignant
cancerous tumor
benign
noncancerous tumor
a tumor that has the ability to spread to other areas of body
malignant, benign can not spread
what is it called when primary cancer spreads to other tissues in body
cancer is metastasizing
how does a tumor occur
when cells divide excessively in body
why are new cells created
to replace old cells
what is the purpose of damaged cells dying
to make room for healthy replacements
if the balance of cell division and death is disturbed, what is the result
a tumor may form
from imaging stand point, how do we tell between malignant tumor or benign
no single standard for easily distinguishing
cancer
group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
another term for cancerous tumor
malignant neoplasm
what are causes of cancer
external and internal factors
what are some examples of external factors that cause cancer
radiation, chemicals, viruses
what are some examples of internal factors that cause cancer
hormones, immune conditions, inherited mutations
definition of carcinogenesis
formation of cancer
meaning of carcin
cancer
meaning of genesis
formation
primary cancer
malignant neoplasm which originated in the organ in which it is growing
what are some common primary cancers
lung, breast, prostate, uterine, and ovarian
what is the order of common primary cancers
prostate, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers
metastatic cancer
cancer that has spread from the place it originated to another place in the body
what is a tumor that is formed by metastatic cancer cells called
a metastatic tumor or a metastasis
what is the process by which cancer cells spread to other parts of the body
metastasis
what name does metastatic cancer cancer receive
same name and same type of cancer cells as primary
what are examples of names of metastatic cancer
metastatic breast cancer (breast cancer that spread to lung)
what is an easy way to tell if it is primary cancer or not
usually one large tumor
what is a way to tell if its metastatic cancer
usually smaller tumors
infection
invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues
inflammation
localized accumulation of fluid in the tissues of an organ/structure
what occurs in response to injury, infection, or irritation
inflammation
abscess
localized collection of infection in any part of the body that causes swelling and inflammation in the surrounding tissues
how do abscesses appear in sectional imaging
as a walled cavity filled with infected fluid, blood, and sometimes air
ascites
fluid collection within the abdominal cavity, typically not infected
if ascites becomes infected, what is it described as
peritonitis
what is peritonitis
infection in peritoneum
what is most common cause of ascites
liver disease (such as hepatitis)
what does ascites look like on imaging
excessive fluid inside abdomen but outside of GI tract
colitis
inflammation of the colon
what is the cause of colitis
infection, inflammatory, lack of blood flow, and radiation therapy
how is colitis appear on imaging
as inflammation in the bowel
what are causes of boney injuries
fractures, dislocations
how are boney injuries imaged
often coupled with other injuries visible in specialty imaging, such as hematomas and inflammation
hematomas
aka bruise - is collection of blood outside a blood vessel
what does oma stand for
tumor or collection
what are the causes of a hematoma
an injury to wall of blood vessel allowing blood to leak out into tissues where it does not belong ( can be artery, vein or capillary)
how do hematomas appear on sectional imaging
immobile and does not enhance w contrast
organ lacerations
traumatic injuries to the hard organs of the body (specifically liver, spleen, and kidneys)
what is the result of an organ laceration
bleeding and often inadequate blood supply to portions of the organ
infarction
tissue deprived of blood supply
how does imaging show organ laceration
does not show lacerations itself, but effects
if organ infarcts occur, how much of the organ may it involved
entire organ (global) or portion (segmental)
which organs are common with an organ infarcts
brain (TIA, CVA) heart (MI), liver, spleen, or kindeys
how do organ infarcts look when imaged w contrast
shows areas of limited contrast perfusion in chronic/acute
cysts
abnormal sac like structure that can be found anywhere in body
what does a cysts usually contain
gaseous, liquid, or semisolid substance - has outer wall known as capsule
how are cysts usually named
according to particular anatomic location (ovarian cysts, bladder cysts, breast cysts)
ganglion cyst
cyst around a tendon - most commonly occurring around wrist
baker’s cyst
cyst containing joint fluid that is located in popliteal space behind knee
nabothian cyst
mucus filled cyst on the surface of the uterine cervix
does a cyst enhance w contrast
no - but an abscess does
aneurysms
abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in wall of blood vessel
where do aneurysms commonly occur
abdominal aortic, cerebral, popliteal artery, and splenic artery
what is the cause of aneurysms
high blood pressure, high cholesterol and cigarette smoking
how does an aneurysms appear on imaging
appear and measure larger than a healthy, non diseased vessel
what might surround a ruptured aneurysm
hematoma
