Respiratory System Pathology Flashcards
what is lung cancer also called
bronchogenic carcinoma
what is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide
lung cancer
what refers to only primary lung cancer
bronchogenic cancer
what is very common in lungs
metastatic lung cancer
how does lung cancer appear when imaged
as one or more irregularly shaped, well defined lesions
is lung cancer rim enhancing
yes
where can cancer lesions present in lung
anywhere in lungs
where does the lung lesions especially present at
at mediastinum
what are pulmonary neoplasms often associated with
other pathologies
what are the other pathologies that pulmonary neoplasms often associated with
pleural effusions, other types of fluid accumulations, necrosis, and abscess formations
what is generally defined as an inflammation of the lung parenchyma resulting in fluid accumulation and consolidation
pneumonia
what is pneumonia typically caused by
viral, bacterial, or fungal infections
what can pneumonia also be caused by
chemical inhalation, aspiration, and trauma to chest wall
what does the appearance of pneumonia look when imaged depend on
type and extent of the disease
what does pneumonia generally present as
small to large areas of fluid accumulation
where is pneumonia especially seen near
the fissures of lower lobes
is an area of pneumonia rim enhancing
no
how are the borders of pneumonia
poorly defined
what is not uncommon when it comes to pneumonia
diffuse pneumonia affecting entire lung(s)
what encompasses a wide disease spectrum predominantly caused by the organism mycobacterium tuberculosis
tuberculosis
how is tuberculosis abbreviated
TB
what can TB affect
numerous organs and organ systems throughout body
what does TB primarily infect
lungs
what does TB typically present in sectional imaging
formations identical to pneumonia
what is seen in the lung parenchyma in cases of TB
tissue inflammation of variable sizes
what can some cases of TB cause
tissue necrosis and cavity formation
what shows an area of well defined air-filled cavity surrounded by inflamed tissue
TB
what is an abnormal fluid collection in the pleural space
pleural effusion
what can be primary or secondary to other conditions
pleural effusion
what are some of the conditions that can cause pleural effusion
cardiopulmonary conditions and cancer
what are pleural effusions seen as when imaged
very large to very small collections of fluid
pleural effusions can be where
in one or both pleural cavities
what is air in the thorax
pneumothorax
what is defined as the presence of air or gas in pleural space
pneumothorax
how can pneumothorax occur
spontaneous or result of trauma or surgery
what appears as large or small accumulations of air in pleural space
pneumothorax
what can a pneumothorax also be associated with if result of trauma
rib fractures, hemothroax, and atelectasis
what is a hemothroax
blood in pleural space
what is atelectasis
collapsed lung
what is blood in pleural space as a result of trauma to chest
hemothorax
what may the blood be from injuries to in hemothroax’s
injuries to pleura, ribs, lung parenchyma, or heart
in sectional imaging, what is a hemothroax essentially indistinguishable from
a pleural effusion
why do hemothorax and pleural effusion essentially indistinguishable
both are fluid accumulations in the pleural space
what is important to distinguish pleura effusion from hemothorax
clinical history and clinical correlation
what is hemothorax often accompanied by
fractures, atelectasis, and pneumothorax
what is a form of COPD
emphysema
what is caused by exposure to cigarette smoke
emphysema
what is emphysema characterized by
abnormal, permanent enlargement and destruction of the airspaces in lungs
what does the permanent and destruction of the airspaces in emphysema result in
loss of airflow
how is emphysema seen in imaging
as hyperventilation in lungs and numerous pockets of abnormal air accumulation
what are the air pockets in emphysema called
blebs
what is a wide range of conditions which all ultimately result in progressive scarring of lung tissue
interstitial lung disease (ILD)
what is ILD also known as
diffuse parenchymal lung disease
the scarring of ILD eventually does what to lungs
damages lungs enough to impair normal breathing
what is some of the factors that lead to ILD
exposure to chemicals and autoimmune disorders
as ILD progresses, what can happen to airways
begin to scar and harden
what is the condition called when airways scar and harden
pulmonary fibrosis
how can ILD appear in imaging
similar to emphysema, except 2 distinguishing factors
what are the 2 distinguishing factors of ILD
it is diffuse (affects full extent of lungs) and infiltrates are seen in lungs
where are infiltrates in lung especially seen
in the periphery
what is important in distinguishing ILD
clinical history
