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Pathology > GI System > Flashcards

GI System Flashcards

1
Q

what refers to a primary cancer arising from stomach

A

gastric cancer

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2
Q

what are the different formations of gastric cancer

A

focal mass/polyp w/wo ulceration, focal wall thickening with mucosal irregularity, gas-filled ulceration, wall thickening with loss of normal rugal folding pattern, or any combination of these

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3
Q

what is one of several idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases

A

Crohn’s disease

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4
Q

why is Crohn’s described as ‘idiopathic’

A

because it has no known cause

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5
Q

when is crohn’s visible via sectional imaging

A

during periods of active inflammation

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6
Q

what do majority of crohn’s patients present with

A

inflammation/thickening of small bowel

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7
Q

where is the thickening/inflammation of crohn’s especially seen at

A

terminal ileum

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8
Q

in what % of cases of Crohn’s is there abscess formation also present

A

15-20%

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9
Q

what can also appear abnormal during periods of active inflammation of crohn’s

A

mesentery

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10
Q

what is a mechanical occlusion of small bowel

A

small bowel obstruction (SBO)

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11
Q

what can SBO be caused by

A

numerous conditions including: volvulus, mass, ileus, stricture, Crohn’s, etc.

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12
Q

what is the single most important indication of SBO

A

gross distention of small bowel

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13
Q

what is most common cancer of GI tract

A

colo-rectal cancer

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14
Q

what is the other ways colo-rectal cancer is described as

A

colon cancer and rectal cancer

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15
Q

what does the vast majoritiy of colo-rectal cancers arise from

A

pre-existing polyp neoplasms

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16
Q

as the polyp undergoes additional mutations, it eventually transforms to a what condition

A

malignant

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17
Q

where can colo-rectal cancer be visualized in GI tract

A

throught large bowel and rectum

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18
Q

what are other complications that masses due to colo-rectal cancer be associated with

A

large bowel obstruction, abscess, or inflammation

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19
Q

what is a condition of large bowel inflammation

A

colitis

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20
Q

what are the 2 categories colitis can be grouped into

A

ischemic colitis and ulcerative colitis

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21
Q

what is secondary to vascular insufficiency

A

ischemic colitis

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22
Q

like crohn’s what is an idiopathic inflammatory condition

A

ulcerative colitis

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23
Q

what is importion to differentiate between crohn’s and ulcerative colitis

A

clinical history

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24
Q

what appears as notable bowel wall thickening

A

both ischemic colitis and ulcerative colitis

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25
Q

what are the other pathologies associated with ischemic and ulcerative colitis

A

an obstruction or ascites

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26
Q

what is essentially inflammation of appendix

A

appendicitis

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27
Q

appendicitis is especially common in what patients

A

young

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28
Q

when appendix is visible, it appears how

A

enlarged, inflamed, and often surronded with reactive fluid in interstitial fat

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29
Q

what is reactive fluid

A

standing

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30
Q

severe cases of appendicitis is accompanied by what

A

abscess formation

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31
Q

what will a ruptured appendix show

A

free air and or free fluid in abdomen

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32
Q

in what % of all appendicitis diagnoses is an appendicolith the cause

A

7-15%

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33
Q

what is an appendicolith

A

stone is appendix

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34
Q

liver cancer is grouped into two categories, what are they

A

hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic metastasis

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35
Q

what is the primary liver cancer

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

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36
Q

what does liver cancer appear as

A

small or large focal walled masses in liver parenchyma

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37
Q

what is primary liver cancer fed by

A

hepatic artery and therefore enhances during atrial phases

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38
Q

what is metastatic liver cancer usually supplied by

A

hepatic portal vein and therefore enchances during portal phase of contrast enhancement

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39
Q

what are the different ways liver cancer can present

A

unifocal, multifocal or diffusely infiltrative at time of presentation

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40
Q

what does unifocal and multifocal mean

A

unifocal - one mass

multifocal - multiple masses

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41
Q

what does diffusely infiltrative mean

A

entire liver

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42
Q

secondary liver cancer can also present how

A

one or many lesions

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43
Q

what is necessary to distinguish between primary or met liver cancer

A

clincal correlation and or biopsy

44
Q

how much more common is metastatic liver lesions than primary tumors

A

20 times more common

45
Q

what can appear throughout the body

A

hemangiomas

46
Q

what are benign mass compoased of highly vascular tissue

A

hemangiomas

47
Q

in theliver, what is important to distinguish between

A

benign mass from malignant processes such as liver cancer or abscess

48
Q

what is most common benign tumor of liver

A

hemangioma

49
Q

what do hemangimas in liver present as

A

focal mass with or without rim enhancement

50
Q

what has extremely slow blood flow and therefore enhance with contrast much later than normal liver tissue

A

hemangiomas

51
Q

delayed imaging through the mass is valuable in characterizing the lesion when what are suspected

A

hemangiomas

52
Q

what is the suggested time delay when hemangiomas are suspected

A

5-15 min

53
Q

what is the common endpoint for a number of conditions affecting the liver

A

cirrhosis

54
Q

what are the most common causes of cirrhosis

A

alcoholism, IV drug abuse, and hepatitis

55
Q

liver cells injured by cirrhosis conditions cause what

A

fibrosis and diffuse structural changes in liver

56
Q

what modality is especially sensitive in early diagnosis of cirrhosis

A

no modality

57
Q

with disease progression, liver cirrhosis is most commonly seen as what

A

surface and parenchymal nodularity

58
Q

fatty infiltrates are what

A

sometimes visible

59
Q

what is common in later stages of cirrhosis disease

A

perihepatic fluid accumulation

60
Q

what is a common consequence of trauma to RUQ

A

liver laceration

61
Q

the liver what is fractured flowed by hemorrhage and sometimes infarct

A

parenchyma

62
Q

wpecialty imaging does not generally show a _______ itself but effects of it

A

laceration

63
Q

what are the effects of a liver laceration

A

atypical/non-uniform contrast perfusion through the organ and limited or absence of contrast perfusion throught organ, contrast extravasation in our around organ, and hematoma in area of organ

64
Q

what is a tissue deprived of blood

A

infarct

65
Q

how much of an organ can an infarction involve

A

entire (global) or a portion of an organ (segmental)

66
Q

what are the different factors as to why blood supply to the liver or portion of liver may be inhibited

A

thrombus, emboli, foreign object, stenosis, laceration, and arterial dissection

67
Q

what will contrast enhanced scans show when dealing with infarcts

A

areas of limited contrast perfusion in both chronic and acute infarcts

68
Q

what will non-contrast imaging of infarcts show

A

areas of ischemia

69
Q

what is a malignant condition arising from cells of lymph system

A

lymphoma

70
Q

what can lymphoma be further subdivided into

A

hodgkin, T cell, and B cell lymphoma

71
Q

what can mainfest through the body in essentially every body system

A

lymphoma

72
Q

lymphoma is especially relevant to what imaging

A

spleen imaging

73
Q

majority of malignant spleen lesions are what

A

lymphoma

74
Q

in sectional imaging, lesions appear as in other body structures with one or more low density lesions throughtout what

A

the spleen

75
Q

with the exception of what imaging, the parenchyma of a normal spleen should have a purely homogenous appearance in both CT and MRI

A

arterial

76
Q

what is the most common organ injury from blunt trauma to abdomen

A

spleen laceration

77
Q

does specialty imaging show lacerations itself

A

no

78
Q

what does specialty imaging show when dealing with lacerations

A

effects of laceration

79
Q

what are the effects of lacerations

A

atypical/non-uniform contrast perfusion through organ, limited or absence of contrast perfusion through organ (infarct), contrast extravasation in or around organ, and hematoma in area of organ

80
Q

spleen infarction may involve how much of organ

A

global or segmental

81
Q

what is most common primary cancer of pancreas

A

ductal adenocarcinoma

82
Q

what is the percent of ductal adenocarcinomas

A

90%

83
Q

the prognosis of what is very poor

A

ductal adenocarcinoma

84
Q

the large majority of primary pancreatic neoplasms affect what of the pancreas

A

head

85
Q

how does pancreatic cancer appear as

A

a poorly defined mass

86
Q

in CT pancreatic cancer is __________________ while it is _______________ in MR

A

hypodense, hypointense

87
Q

what are pancreatic neoplasms slow at

A

taking up contrast, therefore do not enhance as quickly as normal pancreatic tissue

88
Q

what refers to any form of inflammation to pancreas

A

pancreatitis

89
Q

what is most common cause of pancreatitis

A

alcohol abuse

90
Q

what are other causes of pancreatitis

A

gallstones, metabolic abnormalities, malnutrition, and hereditary pancreatitis

91
Q

what does pancreatitis appear as in sectional imaging

A

visibly inflamed and surrounded by reactive fluid accumulation

92
Q

what can severe cases of pancreatitis cause

A

ascites throughout abdomen

93
Q

what does chronic pancreatitis often form

A

pockets of pancreatic juices

94
Q

what are those pancreatic juices called

A

pancreatic pseudocysts

95
Q

what do pseudocysts have

A

fibrous wall and fluid contents

96
Q

what is a relatively uncommon adenocarcinoma

A

gallbladder cancer

97
Q

in what % of cases is it related to gallstones

A

70-90%

98
Q

what are the 3 presentations of gallbladder cancer

A

intraluminal mass, diffuse wall thickening, and mass completely replacing the gallbladder

99
Q

if mass is present, it will sometimes be engulfing what

A

gallstones or an area of necrosis

100
Q

what is also common when imaging GB adenocarcinomas

A

gallbladder enlargement, obstruction, inflammation, and intrusion into surrounding structures

101
Q

what is a common condition more often known as gallstones

A

cholelithiasis

102
Q

what are gallstones generally composed of

A

cholesterol

103
Q

if the stone moves into the cystic duct or common bile duct, what is the condition called

A

choledocholithiasis

104
Q

if an obstruction forms and the gallbladder becomes inflamed the condition is described as

A

cholecystitis

105
Q

what can be easily seen with sectional imaging

A

gallstones

106
Q

what are additional complications often seen when imaging gallstones

A

inflammation and distention of gallbladder (cholecystitis), wall thickening, pericholecystic reactive fluid and fat stranding

Pathology (15 decks)

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