Speech Disorders - Exam 2 Flashcards
Ukrainetz (2015) says molecular genetics allows researches to investigate the _____ ___________ for any disease or disorder.
genes responsible
Molecular genetics has shown us that there is a broad, ______ _________ _____, that can result in speech, language, or reading disorder (Ukrainetz, 2015).
verbal heritable disorder
What does a parent say about their child’s speech that is a genetic red flag?
“He sounds just like I did when I was a child”
Decreased phonological awareness skills have been implicated in ____ _______ _______ in young children.
poor reading ability
Children in which SES have a slightly greater number of SSDs?
Low-income/poverty
Name some environmental factors of articulation and phonological development
SES
role models
health insurance
Name familial and personal factors of articulation and phonological development
birth order and number of siblings
gender (SSDs more common in boys)
age
Children between the ages of 4-6 start to sound like ______
adults
Improvements on articulation and phonological development can be made until age __
8
Children with SSD will probably have an IQ of __ or _____
70, lower
With SSDs, speech sounds are learned in ___ ____ sequence, just more ______
same sequence, slowly
What is the most frequent error for individuals with SSD?
consonant deletion
Children with SSDs may use…
incomplete sentences, shorter utterances, and less complex language
As sentence length and complexity increases, speech sound errors ________
increase
Speech sound errors especially increase when children are trying to produce…
polysyllabic words
complex, compound, or passive sentences
Tongue Thrust
“reverse swallow” that is habitual or obligatory
Obligatory Tongue Thrust is when the _______ or ________ are enlarged, which partially _____ the posterior airway passage.
tonsils, adenoids, block
Orofacial Myology
the study of relationships among dentition, speech, non-speech, tongue, and facial muslces.
What is the Tx for Tongue thrust?
Orofacial Myology
TT: during swallowing, the tongue _____ _______ putting the tip in contact with the _____ ___.
comes forward, lower lip
TT: at rest, the tongue is _______ - the tip is between or against the ________ teeth while the mandible is ____.
forward, anterior, open
TT: during speech, the tongue is _______ and against or between ________ teeth while the mandible is slightly ____.
fronted, anterior, open
TT can contribute to ____________.
malocclusion
TT speech errors may include distortions of /__,__,__/ and interdentalization of /__,__,__,__/
/s,z,l/
/t,d,n,l/
Why is TT not treated in public schools?
because it doesn’t have an adverse impact on a child’s access to the curriculum
indirectly refer out!
TT treatment according to ASHA
It is withing the SLP’s scope of practice if they are highly trained and working on a team with appropriate professionals.
What are some problems found in children with hearing loss?
omissions of initial and final consonants diphthong and vowel substitutions inappropriate prosody pitch too high or too low more frequent pauses epenthesis hypernasality produce consonant and vowel distortions
When it comes to auditory discrimination, train _______ __________ because it helps BOTH __ and __________.
correct production, AD, production
If the Soft palate has VPI, then there may not be good __ _______ (affecting which consonants, especially?), may use _______ ____ for other sounds, and may also have _____ ________ and _____________.
VP closure (fricatives, affricates, and stops) glottal stop, nasal emissions, hypernasality
In the nasopharynx, the ________ (or nasopharyngeal tonsils) may be _____________.
adenoids, hypertrophied
Hypertrophied adenoids can block the __________ _____ opening into the nasopharynx, depriving the ______ ___ of ventilation.
eustachian tube, middle ear
Malocclusion classes I, II, and III
Class I: no overbite, just crooked teeth
Class II: Overbite
Class III: Underbite
Anatomic Structures that affect articulation and phonological development
Soft Palate Nasopharynx Hard Palate Teeth Lips Tongue
Problems with the tongue may include…
ankyloglossia, macroglossia, microglossia, glossectomy.
Ankyloglossia
short lingual frenum
Macroglossia v. Microglossia
tongue too big
tongue too small
Glossectomy
partial or total removal of the tongue due to cancer
Neurological Factors that affect articulation and phonological development
Dysarthria, Cerebral Palsy, Apraxia of Speech
Dysarthria
SSD associated with PNS or CNS damage.
respiration issues
speech muslces weak, uncoordinated, or paralyzed.
causes: TBI, degenerative diseases, cerebral palsy.
Cerebral Palsy
neuromotor disorder in children
nonprogressive
due to fetal anoxia (deprivation of oxygen - pre, peri, and post natal)
developmental dysarthria
Apraxia of Speech
CNS damage to Broca’s Area
adults - usually due to stroke
Motor Skills are tested with measures of _______________ ____ (___). Children attain ___ rates between __-__ years. ___ isn’t necessarily a factor in SSDs.
Diadochokinetic Rate (DDK), DDK, 9-15, DDK.
Public schools treat _________ not ___________.
Disorders, Differences.
Speech sound errors: transfer from _____ language or is it the actual characteristics of a ________.
first, disorder
dialects
mutually intelligible forms of language associated with a particular region, ethnicity, or social class.
Two kinds of bilingualism
simultaneous (exposed to 2 languages from birth)
successive (L1 at birth, L2 comes later)
the ___ of L2 acquisition is important for accent.
age
a good L2 accent comes if exposed to L2 before approximately __ years of age.
8
Many Native American Languages are spoken mainly by ______, not ________.
elders, children
Many Native American Languages have _______ _____.
Glottal Stops
Phonological Characteristics of Spanish
5 vowels
doesn’t have /v, th (v & vl), z, meaSUre/
no initial s- cluster
During assessment and treatment, make sure the interpreter speaks in the same _______.
dialect
Which region of Africa does AAE come from?
West Africa
5 factors influencing the use of AAE
Age (younger children) SES (low income) Geographic Location (South) Education (low education) Gender (boys)
Phonological Characteristics of AAE
Metathesis (aks v. ask)
FCD
Consonant Cluster Reduction
d/th
What does DEVL stand for?
Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation
There is a great heterogenity of language between these 3 groups
Chinese, Filipino, and Asian Indians
Arabic Language Characteristics
29 letters, 1 vowel
glottal stops and pharyngeal fricatives
written right to left
Japanese substitutions when speaking English
r/l, s/th(vl), s/th(v),b/v
epenthesis
Tagalog (Phillippines) common substitutions
p/f, b/v, s/z, t/th(vl), d/th(v)
Khmer (Cambodia)
monosyllabic and disyllabic words.
have difficulty in english with polysyllabic words
Hmong (Laos)
No /z/ or /w/
one final consonant /ing/
Vietnamese
Monosyllabic
Tonal
No word-final consonant clusters
FCD
Chinese
mandarin and cantonese
tonal languages (tone changes meaning)
no consonant clusters
FCD
