A&P Exam 3 Flashcards
Hyaline cartilage
Most common
Glassy
At the ends of bones (attaches ribs to sternum)
Calcifies with age
Fibrous cartilage
Inelastic
Intervertebral discs
Elastic
Flexible
Yellowish
Ears and parts of larynx
Perichondria
Membrane that covers cartilage
Joints
Functional connections between bones
Muscles attach at and across joints for movement
Types: synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial , and synovial
Synarthrodial joint
Immovable
Connections between bones
The bone will break before the joint moves
Skull
Amphiarthrodial joint
Limited motion
Vertebrae joints-spinal discs
Synovial joint
Most common
More free movements
Encapsulated and contains synovial fluid
Synovial joint types
1) plane/gliding: sliding
2) ginglymus: hinge, large ROM in 1 plane
3) pivot: small projection of 1 bone through another
4) condyloid: rocking/gliding, no rotation
5) saddle: rocking/gliding with rotation
6) ball and socket: mostly free moving, movement in every plane-including rotational
Examples of each synovial joint type
1) plane/gliding: articular facets of vertebrae
2) ginglymus: elbows, knees
3) pivot: atlas and axis
4) condyloid: jaw
5) saddle: thumb joint at the bottom of Palm
6) ball and socket: shoulder, hips
3 functions of the larynx
2 biological: valve (protection for airway) and holds air in thorax which tenses the upper body.
1 voluntary: voice
9 cartilages and 1 bone from the larynx
Hyoid bone Epiglottis Thyroid Cricoid 2 arytenoids 2 corniculate 2 cuneiform
Joints of the laryngeal cartilages
Mediate all adjustments of the vocal folds that makes sounds.
Cricothyroid: lengthens vfs, synovial pivot
Cricoarytenoid: synovial saddle
Epiglottis
Midline and unpaired
Elastic
Trap door: folds back to close the larynx while swallowing
Thyroid cartilage
Midline and unpaired
Hyaline
Adam’s apple: largest- anterior part and lateral sides of larynx
Cricoid cartilage
Midline and unpaired
Ring shaped
Sits on the trachea
Specialized tracheal ring
Laryngeal Membranes and Ligaments
Intrinsic ligaments and membranes: affect movement of cartilage
Extrinsic membranes: wrap outside of cartilage and don’t govern movement
Terms for places and spaces
Important for swallow, cancer, and larynx lesions.
1) supraglottal
- vestibule
- ventricle
2) subglottal
3) anterior commissure
4) posterior commissure
5) glottis
Supraglottal Space
Above the glottis
Vestibule: open space at the top of the larynx
Ventricle: right beneath the vestibule, the space between the true and false vocal folds
Subglottal Space
Below glottis
True vocal folds
Under bottom of thyroid cartilage
Anterior commissure vs. Posterior commissure
Anterior: where true vocal folds attach at the front.
Posterior: where true vocal folds attach at the arytenoids
Glottis
The opening between the vocal folds
Extrinsic muscles of the larynx
Elevates or depresses the larynx
Suprahyoid - above the hyoid bone/larynx, elevates to close the larynx.
Infrahyoid - below hyoid bone/larynx, depress to open larynx
Suprahyoid Muscles
Elevates
1) Digastricus: moves hyoid up and slightly forward
2) Mylohyoid: floor of mouth, helps drop jaw
3) Stylohyoid: moves larynx up and posterior
4) Geniohyoid: moves larynx forward and up
False vocal folds
Ventricular folds
Infrahyoid Muscles
Depresses larynx
Sternohyoid: hyoid bone down
Omohyoid: thin/long
Thyrohyoid: ELEVATES. thyroid cartilage up
Sternothyroid: thyroid cartilage down
Which infrahyoid muscles is the only one that elevates the thyroid cartilage?
Thyrohyoid
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx
Shape the glottis; the vibratory behavior of the vocal folds
1) thyroarytenoid: true vfs adduct, tense, and relax.
2) Posterior Cricoarytenoid: opens vfs for breath
3) Lateral Cricoarytenoid: adduct, relax
4) interarytenoid: arytenoids adduct
5) Cricothyroid: tensor, pitch change
Name the intrinsic muscles that are:
1) Adductors
2) Abductors
3) Glottal Tensors
4) Glottal Relaxers
Add: lateral Cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, interarytenoid.
Abd: posterior Cricoarytenoid
Tensor: thyroarytenoid, Cricothyroid
Relaxer: thyroarytenoid, lateral Cricoarytenoid
Cartilage
Special connective tissue formed by chondroblasts
Covers bones and is the framework for the larynx, trachea, bronchi, ears and nose.
Types: hyaline, fibrous, and elastic.
3 Parts of the pharynx
Laryngopharynx - caudal; vestibule, aryepiglottic folds, esophagus.
Oropharynx - medial; velum, pharyngeal wall
Nasopharynx - superior; velum to the nostrils
Functions of the pharynx
Air passage
Food passage
Changes size and shape for speech
Pharyngeal constrictors function
Constrict the pharynx for deglutition (swallowing)
-moves in a peristaltic manner, narrowing the pharyngeal space to push food into the esophagus.
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Largest, keeps esophagus closed
Origin: cricoid cartilage and oblique of thyroid
Insertion: midline raphe
Overlapped by middle constrictor
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Fan shaped
Origin: hyoid bone
Insertion: midline raphe
Overlapped by superior constrictor
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Closes off nasopharynx- sucking and swallowing
Quadrilateral in shape
Long muscles
Move larynx and velum for swallowing
Stylopharyngeus: dilates pharynx, and indirectly lifts larynx.
Palatopharyngeys: lowers velum, breathe through nose
Salpingopharyngeus: becomes part of the palatopharyngeus
Velopharynx
Speaking
The opening between the mouth and nose
The velum/soft palate closes the Velopharynx so we can…
1) impound oral pressure for speech
2) hold thoracic air pressure in torso for vomiting, coughing, etc.
Muscles of the soft palate/velum are…
Innervation: vagus, glossopharyngeal, and accessory.
Levator veli Palatine
Tensor veli Palatine
Uvulus
Palatopharyngeus
Levator veli Palatine
Most important for velum closure, forms velar sling
Trigeminal
Tensor veli Palatine
Opens eustation tube
Uvulus
Most superior, pulls velum up
Palatopharyngeus
Depressor
The role of the velum is to…
Close the opening between the mouth and nose
Velum closure patterns
Coronal: anterior to posterior closure (AP)-majority
Sagittal: superior pharyngeal constrictor(SPC); moves to midline
Circular: velum and SPC meet in the middle
- with Passavants Ridge: SPC shoots out a shelf to close
Nasopharynx
Contains the Eustachian tube, which drains the ear
Nasal cavity is composed of…
Nasal septum: projections of skull, bony plate down the center.
Conchae: sides, bony structure.
Turbinates: tissue covered conchae
Nasal tip: tip of nose
Columella: column down center of nose
Nares (Naris): nostrils-fleshy side of nose Posterior Choanae (Posterior Nares)
Parts of the tongue
Tongue tip (apex)
Tongue blade
Tongue root/base
Dorsum
Frenulum (front tie)
Intrinsic tongue muscles
Change the shape of the tongue
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Verticalis
Transverse
Extrinsic tongue muscles
Change position of tongue in mouth - some tongue shape.
Styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus, palatoglossus
Deciduous teeth
Baby teeth
Permanent dentition
Adult teeth
Surfaces of the teeth
Distal: side of tooth opposite the midline
Mesial: towards midline
Buckle: surface towards teeth
Lingual: surface towards tongue
Labial: surface towards lips
Occlusal/occlusion: top, where teeth come together.
Parts of the lip
Vermilion: colored part (cuspids bow)
Philtrum: line above center of lips
Parts of the hard palate
Ruggae: ridges on top of mouth
Median Palatine Raphe: line down the middle of upper mouth
Palatal Vault or Arch: arch of hard palate near the back
Parts of the faucial pillars
Anterior: palatoglossus
Posterior: palatopharyngeus
Parts of the tonsils
Lymphoid tissue/glandular
Lingual tonsils
Palatine tonsils (level of soft palate)
Buccal Cavity
In oral cavity
Space between teeth and cheeks
Dysphasia
Lack of sensation: pocketing foods
Alveolar ridge
Where teeth are inserted into the jaw
Skull Pathology of Plagiocephaly
External molding- head is being pressed consistently (flat spot)
Skull Pathology of Cranial Synostosis
Bones of the skull have fused when the baby is born, not allowing for brain growth.
Operation decision threshold at 6 months
8 bones of the skull
Frontal Parietal - paired Occipital Temporal - paired Ethmoid Sphenoid
Frontal Bone
Forms the forehead
Squamous portion and the anterior forms superior eye sockets
Parietal Bone (Paired)
Forms mid portion of skull and skull cap (top of head)
Articulation with frontal, occipital, temporal, and sphenoid
Occipital Bone
Forms back and the base of the skull
Articulation with the vertebral column (cervical vertebrae, atlas, foramin magnum)
Articulation with parietal, temporal, and sphenoid
Temporal bone (Paired)
Forms the side of the skull and houses sensory organs for hearing and balance
Ethmoid bone
Fits into notch of frontal bone
Forms a small portion of the anterior floor of the cranial cavity (base)
Contributed to nasal septum with the perpendicular plate
Contributed to the middle and superior nasal cavity with the cribriform plate
Sphenoid bone
Most complicated
Forms bulk of the floor and mid portion of the cranial cavity (base)
Articulation with all bones of the skull
Sinuses
Cavities within a bone filled with air.
Skull has 4 paranasal sinuses
Frontal sinus
Frontal bone
Paired
Deep to eyebrows
Open up anterior of nasal cavity
Maxillary sinus
Maxilla
Paired
Largest
Base at lateral wall of nasal cavity, roof at the orbit of the eye
Ethmoid sinus
Ethmoid bone
Numerous and thin walled-nasal cavity and orbits of eye in groups
Sphenoid sinus
Sphenoid bone
Paired
Above pharynx
Ciliated Mucus Membrane
Lines sinuses and airway
Tiny hairlike structures
Covers dust and other things with mucus, and we cough it up.
Functions of sinuses
Reduce weight of skull
Gives room for skull and facial growth
Nasal resonance
Pre-op/ Post-op client conserns
- Highly curable
- Tell patients that they have a excellent Dr.
- Describe surgery- they will wake up in ICU
- Stays in hospital 5-6 days
- Will be fed through g-tube for a couple days
- Patients wont be able to speak
Artificial Larynx
Example: electrolarynx
Esophageal speech:
swallow air and turn it around to use for voice…belching. Some can become very good at it
Tracheoesophageal sphincter:
pushing air into esophagus to use it to speak. Puncture is made into esophagus so person can use it for speech. Problem: is a product intensive result (cleaning, tools, expensive…)
Laryngectomy General care
- Stoma Care: never rub, always dab
- K-Y jelly if stoma becomes dry
- Use shower guards
Laryngectomy Counseling
- Need team approach
- Build trust with patient–> so them come back for further help
- Monitor and facilitate a return to a normal life
- help deal with diagnosis of cancer
5 Stages of Grief
a. SLP must recognize the stage and its influence on interaction
b. Some of these stages mean they wont or cant listen to you
c. Denial
D. Anger
E. Bargaining
F. Depression
G. Acceptance
H. It difficult to counsel, but you have to
