A&P Exam 3 Flashcards
Hyaline cartilage
Most common
Glassy
At the ends of bones (attaches ribs to sternum)
Calcifies with age
Fibrous cartilage
Inelastic
Intervertebral discs
Elastic
Flexible
Yellowish
Ears and parts of larynx
Perichondria
Membrane that covers cartilage
Joints
Functional connections between bones
Muscles attach at and across joints for movement
Types: synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial , and synovial
Synarthrodial joint
Immovable
Connections between bones
The bone will break before the joint moves
Skull
Amphiarthrodial joint
Limited motion
Vertebrae joints-spinal discs
Synovial joint
Most common
More free movements
Encapsulated and contains synovial fluid
Synovial joint types
1) plane/gliding: sliding
2) ginglymus: hinge, large ROM in 1 plane
3) pivot: small projection of 1 bone through another
4) condyloid: rocking/gliding, no rotation
5) saddle: rocking/gliding with rotation
6) ball and socket: mostly free moving, movement in every plane-including rotational
Examples of each synovial joint type
1) plane/gliding: articular facets of vertebrae
2) ginglymus: elbows, knees
3) pivot: atlas and axis
4) condyloid: jaw
5) saddle: thumb joint at the bottom of Palm
6) ball and socket: shoulder, hips
3 functions of the larynx
2 biological: valve (protection for airway) and holds air in thorax which tenses the upper body.
1 voluntary: voice
9 cartilages and 1 bone from the larynx
Hyoid bone Epiglottis Thyroid Cricoid 2 arytenoids 2 corniculate 2 cuneiform
Joints of the laryngeal cartilages
Mediate all adjustments of the vocal folds that makes sounds.
Cricothyroid: lengthens vfs, synovial pivot
Cricoarytenoid: synovial saddle
Epiglottis
Midline and unpaired
Elastic
Trap door: folds back to close the larynx while swallowing
Thyroid cartilage
Midline and unpaired
Hyaline
Adam’s apple: largest- anterior part and lateral sides of larynx
Cricoid cartilage
Midline and unpaired
Ring shaped
Sits on the trachea
Specialized tracheal ring
Laryngeal Membranes and Ligaments
Intrinsic ligaments and membranes: affect movement of cartilage
Extrinsic membranes: wrap outside of cartilage and don’t govern movement
Terms for places and spaces
Important for swallow, cancer, and larynx lesions.
1) supraglottal
- vestibule
- ventricle
2) subglottal
3) anterior commissure
4) posterior commissure
5) glottis
Supraglottal Space
Above the glottis
Vestibule: open space at the top of the larynx
Ventricle: right beneath the vestibule, the space between the true and false vocal folds
Subglottal Space
Below glottis
True vocal folds
Under bottom of thyroid cartilage
Anterior commissure vs. Posterior commissure
Anterior: where true vocal folds attach at the front.
Posterior: where true vocal folds attach at the arytenoids
Glottis
The opening between the vocal folds
Extrinsic muscles of the larynx
Elevates or depresses the larynx
Suprahyoid - above the hyoid bone/larynx, elevates to close the larynx.
Infrahyoid - below hyoid bone/larynx, depress to open larynx
Suprahyoid Muscles
Elevates
1) Digastricus: moves hyoid up and slightly forward
2) Mylohyoid: floor of mouth, helps drop jaw
3) Stylohyoid: moves larynx up and posterior
4) Geniohyoid: moves larynx forward and up
False vocal folds
Ventricular folds
Infrahyoid Muscles
Depresses larynx
Sternohyoid: hyoid bone down
Omohyoid: thin/long
Thyrohyoid: ELEVATES. thyroid cartilage up
Sternothyroid: thyroid cartilage down
Which infrahyoid muscles is the only one that elevates the thyroid cartilage?
Thyrohyoid
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx
Shape the glottis; the vibratory behavior of the vocal folds
1) thyroarytenoid: true vfs adduct, tense, and relax.
2) Posterior Cricoarytenoid: opens vfs for breath
3) Lateral Cricoarytenoid: adduct, relax
4) interarytenoid: arytenoids adduct
5) Cricothyroid: tensor, pitch change
Name the intrinsic muscles that are:
1) Adductors
2) Abductors
3) Glottal Tensors
4) Glottal Relaxers
Add: lateral Cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, interarytenoid.
Abd: posterior Cricoarytenoid
Tensor: thyroarytenoid, Cricothyroid
Relaxer: thyroarytenoid, lateral Cricoarytenoid
Cartilage
Special connective tissue formed by chondroblasts
Covers bones and is the framework for the larynx, trachea, bronchi, ears and nose.
Types: hyaline, fibrous, and elastic.
3 Parts of the pharynx
Laryngopharynx - caudal; vestibule, aryepiglottic folds, esophagus.
Oropharynx - medial; velum, pharyngeal wall
Nasopharynx - superior; velum to the nostrils
Functions of the pharynx
Air passage
Food passage
Changes size and shape for speech
Pharyngeal constrictors function
Constrict the pharynx for deglutition (swallowing)
-moves in a peristaltic manner, narrowing the pharyngeal space to push food into the esophagus.