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CSUS Speech-Language Pathology > A&P Exam 3 > Flashcards

A&P Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most common

Glassy

At the ends of bones (attaches ribs to sternum)

Calcifies with age

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2
Q

Fibrous cartilage

A

Inelastic

Intervertebral discs

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3
Q

Elastic

A

Flexible
Yellowish
Ears and parts of larynx

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4
Q

Perichondria

A

Membrane that covers cartilage

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5
Q

Joints

A

Functional connections between bones

Muscles attach at and across joints for movement

Types: synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial , and synovial

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6
Q

Synarthrodial joint

A

Immovable
Connections between bones

The bone will break before the joint moves

Skull

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7
Q

Amphiarthrodial joint

A

Limited motion

Vertebrae joints-spinal discs

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8
Q

Synovial joint

A

Most common

More free movements
Encapsulated and contains synovial fluid

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9
Q

Synovial joint types

A

1) plane/gliding: sliding
2) ginglymus: hinge, large ROM in 1 plane
3) pivot: small projection of 1 bone through another
4) condyloid: rocking/gliding, no rotation
5) saddle: rocking/gliding with rotation
6) ball and socket: mostly free moving, movement in every plane-including rotational

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10
Q

Examples of each synovial joint type

A

1) plane/gliding: articular facets of vertebrae
2) ginglymus: elbows, knees
3) pivot: atlas and axis
4) condyloid: jaw
5) saddle: thumb joint at the bottom of Palm
6) ball and socket: shoulder, hips

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11
Q

3 functions of the larynx

A

2 biological: valve (protection for airway) and holds air in thorax which tenses the upper body.
1 voluntary: voice

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12
Q

9 cartilages and 1 bone from the larynx

A 
Hyoid bone
Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid
2 arytenoids 
2 corniculate
2 cuneiform
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13
Q

Joints of the laryngeal cartilages

A

Mediate all adjustments of the vocal folds that makes sounds.

Cricothyroid: lengthens vfs, synovial pivot

Cricoarytenoid: synovial saddle

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14
Q

Epiglottis

A

Midline and unpaired
Elastic
Trap door: folds back to close the larynx while swallowing

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15
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Midline and unpaired
Hyaline
Adam’s apple: largest- anterior part and lateral sides of larynx

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16
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Midline and unpaired
Ring shaped
Sits on the trachea
Specialized tracheal ring

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17
Q

Laryngeal Membranes and Ligaments

A

Intrinsic ligaments and membranes: affect movement of cartilage

Extrinsic membranes: wrap outside of cartilage and don’t govern movement

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18
Q

Terms for places and spaces

A

Important for swallow, cancer, and larynx lesions.

1) supraglottal
- vestibule
- ventricle
2) subglottal
3) anterior commissure
4) posterior commissure
5) glottis

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19
Q

Supraglottal Space

A

Above the glottis

Vestibule: open space at the top of the larynx

Ventricle: right beneath the vestibule, the space between the true and false vocal folds

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20
Q

Subglottal Space

A

Below glottis

True vocal folds

Under bottom of thyroid cartilage

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21
Q

Anterior commissure vs. Posterior commissure

A

Anterior: where true vocal folds attach at the front.

Posterior: where true vocal folds attach at the arytenoids

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22
Q

Glottis

A

The opening between the vocal folds

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23
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

Elevates or depresses the larynx

Suprahyoid - above the hyoid bone/larynx, elevates to close the larynx.

Infrahyoid - below hyoid bone/larynx, depress to open larynx

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24
Q

Suprahyoid Muscles

A

Elevates

1) Digastricus: moves hyoid up and slightly forward
2) Mylohyoid: floor of mouth, helps drop jaw
3) Stylohyoid: moves larynx up and posterior
4) Geniohyoid: moves larynx forward and up

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25
False vocal folds
Ventricular folds
26
Infrahyoid Muscles
Depresses larynx Sternohyoid: hyoid bone down Omohyoid: thin/long Thyrohyoid: ELEVATES. thyroid cartilage up Sternothyroid: thyroid cartilage down
27
Which infrahyoid muscles is the only one that elevates the thyroid cartilage?
Thyrohyoid
28
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx
Shape the glottis; the vibratory behavior of the vocal folds 1) thyroarytenoid: true vfs adduct, tense, and relax. 2) Posterior Cricoarytenoid: opens vfs for breath 3) Lateral Cricoarytenoid: adduct, relax 4) interarytenoid: arytenoids adduct 5) Cricothyroid: tensor, pitch change
29
Name the intrinsic muscles that are: 1) Adductors 2) Abductors 3) Glottal Tensors 4) Glottal Relaxers
Add: lateral Cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, interarytenoid. Abd: posterior Cricoarytenoid Tensor: thyroarytenoid, Cricothyroid Relaxer: thyroarytenoid, lateral Cricoarytenoid
30
Cartilage
Special connective tissue formed by chondroblasts Covers bones and is the framework for the larynx, trachea, bronchi, ears and nose. Types: hyaline, fibrous, and elastic.
31
3 Parts of the pharynx
Laryngopharynx - caudal; vestibule, aryepiglottic folds, esophagus. Oropharynx - medial; velum, pharyngeal wall Nasopharynx - superior; velum to the nostrils
32
Functions of the pharynx
Air passage Food passage Changes size and shape for speech
33
Pharyngeal constrictors function
Constrict the pharynx for deglutition (swallowing) -moves in a peristaltic manner, narrowing the pharyngeal space to push food into the esophagus.
34
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Largest, keeps esophagus closed Origin: cricoid cartilage and oblique of thyroid Insertion: midline raphe Overlapped by middle constrictor
35
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Fan shaped Origin: hyoid bone Insertion: midline raphe Overlapped by superior constrictor
36
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Closes off nasopharynx- sucking and swallowing Quadrilateral in shape
37
Long muscles
Move larynx and velum for swallowing Stylopharyngeus: dilates pharynx, and indirectly lifts larynx. Palatopharyngeys: lowers velum, breathe through nose Salpingopharyngeus: becomes part of the palatopharyngeus
38
Velopharynx
Speaking The opening between the mouth and nose
39
The velum/soft palate closes the Velopharynx so we can...
1) impound oral pressure for speech | 2) hold thoracic air pressure in torso for vomiting, coughing, etc.
40
Muscles of the soft palate/velum are...
Innervation: vagus, glossopharyngeal, and accessory. Levator veli Palatine Tensor veli Palatine Uvulus Palatopharyngeus
41
Levator veli Palatine
Most important for velum closure, forms velar sling Trigeminal
42
Tensor veli Palatine
Opens eustation tube
43
Uvulus
Most superior, pulls velum up
44
Palatopharyngeus
Depressor
45
The role of the velum is to...
Close the opening between the mouth and nose
46
Velum closure patterns
Coronal: anterior to posterior closure (AP)-majority Sagittal: superior pharyngeal constrictor(SPC); moves to midline Circular: velum and SPC meet in the middle - with Passavants Ridge: SPC shoots out a shelf to close
47
Nasopharynx
Contains the Eustachian tube, which drains the ear
48
Nasal cavity is composed of...
Nasal septum: projections of skull, bony plate down the center. Conchae: sides, bony structure. Turbinates: tissue covered conchae Nasal tip: tip of nose Columella: column down center of nose ``` Nares (Naris): nostrils-fleshy side of nose Posterior Choanae (Posterior Nares) ```
49
Parts of the tongue
Tongue tip (apex) Tongue blade Tongue root/base Dorsum Frenulum (front tie)
50
Intrinsic tongue muscles
Change the shape of the tongue Superior longitudinal Inferior longitudinal Verticalis Transverse
51
Extrinsic tongue muscles
Change position of tongue in mouth - some tongue shape. Styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus, palatoglossus
52
Deciduous teeth
Baby teeth
53
Permanent dentition
Adult teeth
54
Surfaces of the teeth
Distal: side of tooth opposite the midline Mesial: towards midline Buckle: surface towards teeth Lingual: surface towards tongue Labial: surface towards lips Occlusal/occlusion: top, where teeth come together.
55
Parts of the lip
Vermilion: colored part (cuspids bow) Philtrum: line above center of lips
56
Parts of the hard palate
Ruggae: ridges on top of mouth Median Palatine Raphe: line down the middle of upper mouth Palatal Vault or Arch: arch of hard palate near the back
57
Parts of the faucial pillars
Anterior: palatoglossus Posterior: palatopharyngeus
58
Parts of the tonsils | Lymphoid tissue/glandular
Lingual tonsils Palatine tonsils (level of soft palate)
59
Buccal Cavity
In oral cavity Space between teeth and cheeks Dysphasia Lack of sensation: pocketing foods
60
Alveolar ridge
Where teeth are inserted into the jaw
61
Skull Pathology of Plagiocephaly
External molding- head is being pressed consistently (flat spot)
62
Skull Pathology of Cranial Synostosis
Bones of the skull have fused when the baby is born, not allowing for brain growth. Operation decision threshold at 6 months
63
8 bones of the skull
``` Frontal Parietal - paired Occipital Temporal - paired Ethmoid Sphenoid ```
64
Frontal Bone
Forms the forehead Squamous portion and the anterior forms superior eye sockets
65
Parietal Bone (Paired)
Forms mid portion of skull and skull cap (top of head) Articulation with frontal, occipital, temporal, and sphenoid
66
Occipital Bone
Forms back and the base of the skull Articulation with the vertebral column (cervical vertebrae, atlas, foramin magnum) Articulation with parietal, temporal, and sphenoid
67
Temporal bone (Paired)
Forms the side of the skull and houses sensory organs for hearing and balance
68
Ethmoid bone
Fits into notch of frontal bone Forms a small portion of the anterior floor of the cranial cavity (base) Contributed to nasal septum with the perpendicular plate Contributed to the middle and superior nasal cavity with the cribriform plate
69
Sphenoid bone
Most complicated Forms bulk of the floor and mid portion of the cranial cavity (base) Articulation with all bones of the skull
70
Sinuses
Cavities within a bone filled with air. Skull has 4 paranasal sinuses
71
Frontal sinus
Frontal bone Paired Deep to eyebrows Open up anterior of nasal cavity
72
Maxillary sinus
Maxilla Paired Largest Base at lateral wall of nasal cavity, roof at the orbit of the eye
73
Ethmoid sinus
Ethmoid bone Numerous and thin walled-nasal cavity and orbits of eye in groups
74
Sphenoid sinus
Sphenoid bone Paired Above pharynx
75
Ciliated Mucus Membrane
Lines sinuses and airway Tiny hairlike structures Covers dust and other things with mucus, and we cough it up.
76
Functions of sinuses
Reduce weight of skull Gives room for skull and facial growth Nasal resonance
77
Pre-op/ Post-op client conserns
- Highly curable - Tell patients that they have a excellent Dr. - Describe surgery- they will wake up in ICU - Stays in hospital 5-6 days - Will be fed through g-tube for a couple days - Patients wont be able to speak
78
Artificial Larynx
Example: electrolarynx
79
Esophageal speech:
swallow air and turn it around to use for voice...belching. Some can become very good at it
80
Tracheoesophageal sphincter:
pushing air into esophagus to use it to speak. Puncture is made into esophagus so person can use it for speech. Problem: is a product intensive result (cleaning, tools, expensive…)
81
Laryngectomy General care
- Stoma Care: never rub, always dab - K-Y jelly if stoma becomes dry - Use shower guards
82
Laryngectomy Counseling
- Need team approach - Build trust with patient--> so them come back for further help - Monitor and facilitate a return to a normal life - help deal with diagnosis of cancer
83
5 Stages of Grief
a. SLP must recognize the stage and its influence on interaction b. Some of these stages mean they wont or cant listen to you c. Denial D. Anger E. Bargaining F. Depression G. Acceptance H. It difficult to counsel, but you have to

CSUS Speech-Language Pathology (23 decks)

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