Speech disorders - exam 1

Question 1

Articulation disorder

Answer 1

Purely physical - just can’t produce the sound.

Only a few sounds affected.

No patterns, fairly intelligible.

Question 2

Phonological disorder

Answer 2

Multiple sound errors

Highly unintelligible with patterns of errors.

Due to underlying problem of phonological knowledge.

Question 3

Macrae and Tyler 2014: children with SSD and LI had more _________ of sounds than children with just SSD.

Answer 3

Omissions

Question 4

Omissions

Answer 4

Leave out sounds

Ex: “book” becomes “ook” or “boo”

Question 5

Macrae and Tyler 2014: _________ are more predictive of language/reading problems than sound ___________

Answer 5

Omissions, distortions

Question 6

Distortions

Answer 6

The sounds don’t sound quite right.

Question 7

Phonetics

Answer 7

Study of physical, physiological, and acoustic variables associated with speech sound production

Question 8

Clinical/Applied phonetics

Answer 8

Practical application of knowledge

Question 9

Morphophonemics

Answer 9

Sound alterations that result from the modification of free morphemes

Question 10

Morphophonemic rule: if a noun ends in a voiced sound, use plural allomorph /__/

Answer 10

/z/

Tails, bags, pins

Question 11

If a noun ends in a voiceless sound, use plural allomorph /__/

Answer 11

/s/

Tarts, cops, lakes

Question 12

If a word ends in a voiceless sound, the past tense is pronounced /__/; if a word ends in a voiced sound, the past tense is pronounced /__/

Answer 12

/t/, /d/

Question 13

Juncture

Answer 13

Brief pauses that make grammatical or semantic distinctions

Question 14

M
O
O
S
E

Answer 14

Move your lips
Open your mouth
Over exaggerate
Slow down
Enunciate every word

Question 15

Intonation

Answer 15

Changes in pitch contours

Question 16

Syllabics

Answer 16

Form the nucleus of a syllable /r,l,m,n/

Question 17

Consonants

Answer 17

Produced by narrowing or closing of the vocal tract

Question 18

Vowels

Answer 18

Produced with an open vocal tract

-pure vowels and diphthongs

Question 19

Phonemic Diphthongs

Answer 19

If you reduce them to pure vowels, the meaning changes (ex: pipe, pop)

Question 20

Virgules

Answer 20

Slashes for phonemic transcription

Question 21

Brackets for phonetic transcription

Answer 21

Actual production of the sound by the speaker

Question 22

Narrow transcription

Answer 22

Gives diacritic markers

Question 23

Phonological processes/patterns

Answer 23

Simplifications of adult sound productions that affect entire classes of sounds

Question 24

Substitution Patterns

Answer 24

One class of sounds is substituted for another class of sound:

1. Velar fronting
2. Stopping
3. Vocalization
4. Deaffrication
5. Liquid gliding
6. Depalatization
7. Backing

Question 25

Assimilation patterns

Answer 25

One sound changes to resemble another

Question 26

Syllable structure patterns

Answer 26

Modify the syllabic structure of words

1. Weak/unstressed deletion
2. Epenthesis (schwa insertion between consonants)
3. Reduplication (complete repetition; “mama”)
4. Diminutization (adding /i/ at the end; “doggy”)
5. Initial consonant deletion
6. Final consonant deletion (more common)
7. Cluster reduction (total and partial)

Question 27

Speech sound disorder

Answer 27

Problems in correctly producing speech sounds.

Umbrella term for phonological disorder and articulation disorder.

Question 28

When we gather case histories, ALWAYS ask about _______ ________

Answer 28

Feeding problems

Question 29

Owens et al. 2015 says that ______ helps children become accustomed to air flow across vocal folds. However, _________ ______ are much more important in speech development.

Answer 29

Crying

Noncrying sounds

Question 30

Infraphonological stage 1

Answer 30

Phonation
Birth - 2 mos.
fussing, sneezing, coughing

Question 31

Infraphonological phase 2

Answer 31

Primitive articulation
1-4 mos.
goo and coo

Question 32

Infraphonological phase 3

Answer 32

Expansion
3-8 mos.
Vocal play

Question 33

Infraphonological phase 4

Answer 33

Cannonical babbling
5-10 mos.
reduplicated and variegated babbling

Question 34

Jargon v. Gibberish

Answer 34

Jargon: meaningful

Gibberish: nonmeaningful

Question 35

Protowords

Answer 35

Link between babbling and adult like speech. Consistently produced under specific stimulus conditions.

Question 36

Consonants by 3 years

Answer 36

p,b,m,T,g,d,n,f,k,w,h,ng

Question 37

Consonants by 5-7 years

Answer 37

j,shh,chuh,l,s,R,v,z,th(v/vl)

Question 38

Intelligibility

• 19-24 mos.
• 2-3 years
• 4-5 years
• 5+ years

Answer 38

19-24 mos. 25-50%
2-3 years 50-75%
4-5 years 75-90%
5+ years 90-100%

Question 39

Processes disappearing by 3 years

Answer 39

FCD
Reduplicated
Unstressed syllable deletion
Velar fronting
Diminutization
Consonant assimilation

Question 40

Processes persisting after 3 years

Answer 40

Vocalization
Final devoicing 
Epenthesis 
Stopping
Prevocalic voicing
Cluster reduction with /s/
Gliding w/r
Metathesis