Multicultural Exam 2 Flashcards
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Origins of Asia
East Asia (Japan, Korea, China) Southeast Asia (Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, etc) South Asia (Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka)
Key Religions of Asia
Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism
Pacific Island Customs and Courtesies
hospitality, generosity and sharing. relaxed towards life.
With PIs, education is based on
oral learning
PI children are taught to _______, not to be _____________ and ________
conform
individualistic
creative
For PIs, things are done in ______, not ____________
groups
individually
some guam schools close because of high…
teacher absenteeism
PIs think children should go to work ASAP because higher degrees are a ___ priority
low
with PIs, there is a lot of ___ and children may be exposed to _______ from seafood
OME
mercury
Mokuau & Tauili’ili: Samoans often take ________ ______ and church more seriously than money, school and career
extended family
with PIs, there is a lot of ___ and children may be exposed to _______ from seafood
OME
mercury
Samoan, there is ___________ for disabilities
intolerance
Hawaii: disabilities have a _________ cause
spiritual
Hawaiians have _______ _______ who use prayer, massage and herbs
medical experts
Many PIs will say what they think the listener wants to hear in order to not ______ them
offend
2016 (consumer.healthday.com): ______ is leading cause of death among PIs because they are less likely to be diagnosed with it before it spreads
cancer
Research of Schieffelin Ochs compared American and Samoan mothers
Samoan children expected to accommodate to parents, US mothers accommodate to children (motherese)
PI language is unfluenced by…
culture
In PI languages, the apostrophe is pronounced as a _______ ____
glottal stop
some children speak ______ English/Hawaiian ______ and need support in acquiring formal english
Pidgin
Creole
PI Implications for SLPs
- fully explain requiring signatures
- be careful reuqesting parents to come to school
- collective rather than individualistic storytelling
- explain pragmatic rules in US culture
- reinforce literacy
- provide cooperative learning opportunities
In the written languages of PIs, letters for vowels represent ___ sound
one
In PI, consonants are _________ or close ______________ to their English equivalents. In Samoan, the “g” is pronounced “__”
identical
approximations
ng
Pew Research center 2017 (Asian)
Asian immigrants projected to become the largest born group in US by 2025
Indian Brahmin system
Are highest in Caste System (not religion)
Represent wealthy people
High priority on careers in science, medicine
Former student Harpreet
Lighter skinned Indians in middle school would not let her associate with them
Bullied because she is darker
Sonam R. 2016 (Asian)
NO intermarriage between castes
If so, ch of marriage are lower caste
Traditional Asian beliefs, values, practices
Fatalism, Tradition, living with the past; group welfare; mutual interdependence; Hierarchy; Conformity; dependence on family; parent is authority
Many Asian families believe…
Self expression is not important; learn by observation not exploration; Best seen not heard
Fidela B. 2016 (Asian)
Under a lot of pressure to get married
Asian Customs and Courtesies
Hospitality
Respect for elders, teachers, authority figures
Modesty, humility
Asian Communication Styles
Based on relative status of interlocutors
Appropriate to ask personal questions
Indirectness often the norm
Smile/ laugh when embarrassed/ angry
Key Filipino Cultural Values
Amor proprio= repect/ saving face so no one is ashamed
Pakikisama= good feelings, getting along-preserving harmony
Asian Health Care and Disabilities
Invisible disabilities not always acknowledged (language impairment)
Disabilities–> fate, karma, sins
Families may be ashamed to bring child for help
As SLPs…for Asians
We may have trouble getting families to acknowledge disabilities and sign IEPs for special education services
Asian Education
Highly valued
Asian children attend preschool at a higher rate than other groups
Asians in U.S have the highest rates of:
College degree attainment
# of persons with advance degrees
Working in highly skilled occupations
Asians in CA
40% Hmong, 38% Laotians, and 35% of Cambodians don’t complete high school
- due to poverty
In most Asian countries there is…
Great respect for teachers Heavy reliance on rote learning, memorization Teachers are very authoritarian Class is formal; teacher lectures Teachers don't admit mistakes
Difference- Asian v American schools
Long days, but lots of recess
3x more American than Asian mothers satisfied with progress
U.S ch rank themselves higher academically
Abboud & Kim (Asian)
Role of Asian ch in families 1) respect elders 2) obey parents 3) work hard/ do well in school Asian parents put academics first over sports etc
Asian Language Considerations
- Many languages have numerous dialects
- Khmer( Cambodia), Japanese, Korean– not tonal languages
Vietnamese, Chinese, Laotians are tonal
Vietnamese has 6 tones
Asian implications for professionals
- Need to address husband first
- intervention may be rejected bc disgrace for family to admit disability
- not open to early intervention
Asian children in classroom
Teach “home” and “school” rules for talking
Analyze expressive lang thru writing not speaking
-Some prefer structural drill tx than games
To, Stokes, Cheug, & T’sou research found (Asian):
- Narratives skills strong predictors of later lang outcomes
- Narative assess can be reliably and validly standardized for use with Cantonese- Speaking ch
- Cantonese ch w/ SLI- great difficulty using syntactic complexity when telling stories
- ch showed limited ability to present as many ideas
- Used nonspecific terms
Important for us to understand Filipinos…
- in 2000, there wer 24,516 filipinos in Sacramento
- Now increased to 41,455
Bahala na
Leave it to God, its out of your hands
Former student Tasha Ketphanh- Laos:
Education not important- work in rice fields
Never look at adult in face
Don’t touch peoples heads
Jewelry is big
Middle eastern Negative stereotypes
Oil
Mean people
Dark Skin
Terrorism
Middle eastern rescue.org 2017
civil war in Syria has been one of the most largest drivers of global refugee crisis. Has left 65 million people displaced.
Middle East language considerations
- arabic is the worlds 6th most common language
- has many dialects
- Arabic is language of Koran
- All Muslims use Arabic in their daily prayers
- 29 letters
Middle eastern Health and Disabilities
- Family intermarriage is linked to large number of childhood disorders
- Mothers feel ashamed of disabled children, father feels defeat, lack of family pride–> leads to abandonment
2016 Miriam A. from Palestine & Lebanon (mom from Yemen)
- Aunt in Lebanon with Down Syndrome
- There have never been any services
- Family takes care of her, does everything for her
Asmahan M. 2016 (Palestine)
- The Eastern Orthodox Christian community does not talk about disabilities
- People look down on those with disabilities
- If it is an invisible disability like lang. impairment, very hard to explain
Middle eastern family life
- Ch brought up to live interdependently
- Identify define by family achievement
- mothers willing for ch to be hugged, picked up
- More flexible about time line sleeping, eating, toilet training
- less freedom for independent exploration
- ch not permitted to make independent decisions
- Respect: old age, wisdom, spiritual maturity
Other Facts about Middle eastern culture
-Family is primary focus of loyalty
-Arranged marriages are common
May be intermarriage in some areas
-Polygamy in some countries like Iran
-Patriarchal; father is head of household
-Women submit to and serve husbands
2016 Thoraia A. from Yemen:
- definitely arrange marriages
- Arabs–> lots of emphasis on lineage and tribal background
- Even if a family has a lot of money, if they are from a lower lineage, marriage to someone from a higher lineage if forbidden
Neeka G., 2016, Iran:
- Boys are on pedestals—they grow up spoiled and careless
- Her brother simply refused to speak out in class or to authority figures—they thought he was delayed
Sharifzadeh: Iran
- Fathers–very little responsibility for infants and young children
- “Men view themselves as responsible for providing the material necessities and for making major arrangements but do not engage in day-to-day caregiving…” (p. 412-413)
Middle Eastern Cultural Customs and Courtesies
- Conservative countries: Iran, Syria, Saudi Arabia
- Liberal countries: Turkey, Lebanon, Pakistan
- Sheriat–legal system based on Koran
- Hospitality very high priority
- Left hand considered unclean
What women cannot do in Saudi Arabia
- Go anywhere without a male chaperone
- Drive a car
- Vote in elections (however, in 2015, a royal decree let them vote in local elections)
- Swim
- Compete freely in sports
- Try on clothes while shopping
Middle Eastern Communication Styles
- Men and women may not make eye contact or even socialize together in public
- Speaking loudly is acceptable
- Arabs try to speak eloquently and creatively; a communication disorder has very negative consequences
- Poets held in very high esteem in Arab societies**
- People stand close during conversations
- It’s acceptable to tune out during conversations
Middle eastern education and Literacy
- Many U.S. Arabs are highly educated
- More than 40% have a Bachelor’s degree or higher compared with 24% of the general population
- Literacy rates vary widely among Arab nations
Neeka G., Iran, 2016:
- She’d get a 95% on a test, and her dad would say “what happened to the other 5%?”
- Dad: being an SLP is silly- its just about books and toys
Literacy may not be as high a priority in Middle Eastern…
- For women and girls
- And co-ed schools are very uncommon in many middle Eastern countries
- In the U.S., parents may be uncomfortable with the freedom allowed to girls
Middle Eastern Implications for SLP’s
- There are approximately 100 Arab SLPs worldwide
- Families may be uncomfortable receiving outside assistance
- Family might not be familiar with SLPs and our services
Asmahan N. 2016: (Palestine)
- She was going to be a doctor, and her mom was very angry and devastated when she wanted to become an SLP
- Mom felt much better when Asmahan showed her the anatomy and physiology book and said “Nurses study this too!”
Afeefa Mikbel; former student; Palestinian Muslim/Arab American
- Wears a hijab- has been called a terrorist
- “Go back to where you came from”
- Kids followed her from school
- She was terrified to go to lunch– mom had to come and pick her up
