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CSUS Speech-Language Pathology > Lang. Dev. Exam 4 > Flashcards

Lang. Dev. Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

American society for the positive care of children, 2015.

A

Over the past 10 years, more than 20,000 American children are believed to have been killed in their own homes by family members.

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2
Q

Sheehan Stanford Child Neurology: abused babies

A

25% die

Up to 50% survive with significant neurological defects

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3
Q

Neglect

A

The failure to provide for a child’s basic needs

Can be physical, emotional, or educational

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4
Q

Children who experience physical neglect often experience this because…

A

Their parents are unable to provide what they need-they are poor.

May be inappropriately left home alone

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5
Q

Physically neglected children often have…

A

Trouble doing well in school-basic needs are not met

Hungry, cold, lice
Difficulty concentrating

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6
Q

A majority of the perpetrators of child abuse are…

A

Parents (78.5%)

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7
Q

Children who have experienced severe emotional neglect may…

A

Be lethargic and apathetic

Demonstrate learned helplessness

Have cognitive problems including difficulty with impulse control and problem solving skills.

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8
Q

Physical and sexual abuse of individuals with disabilities…

A

Runs 3-4 times higher than abuse in the general population

Disabled girls especially vulnerable targets; often, family members abuse them.

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9
Q

If disabled children report abuse, they often aren’t seen as credible because…

A

They can’t describe details correctly

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10
Q

SLPs ensure that interviews are conducted at the child’s appropriate…

A

Cognitive and linguistic levels

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11
Q

Moms of babies with craniofacial anomalies may be…

A

Less attached to and nurturing of their infants.

Decreased attachment increases risk of abuse and neglect.

This is one reason we need to provide medical care for these babies as early as possible.

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12
Q

Children with disabilities put a lot more stress on their caregivers, and when caregivers are stressed and have no respite…

A

They are more likely to neglect and abuse their children.

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13
Q

Caregivers may…

A

Not see the light at the end of the tunnel like parents of typically developing children.

Be stressed because typical child experiences aren’t available.

Special needs children and parents are isolated.

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14
Q

Children who have been abused and or neglected…

A

Very quiet
Have difficulties with expressive language
Lesser conversational skills
Less likely than peers to discuss info or volunteer.
Do more poorly in school, underperform academically.
More behavioral problems

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15
Q

A&N children’s specific difficulties with pragmatics

A

Less descriptive utterances
Lang. Is used to get things done with little social affect.
Poor conversational skills overall.
Inability to discuss feelings.
Lack of ability to take perspective of a conversational partner.
Alexithymia

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16
Q

Alexithymia

A

Absence of words for emotions

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17
Q

Mothers who neglect or abuse babies may…

A

Punish normal risk taking adventurous behavior

Not interact

Be unresponsive when babies initiate, so babies learn to be passive.

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18
Q

Shaken baby syndrome may occur, so we must…

A

Stress to caregivers that they should never shake a baby

This causes lifetime cognitive and linguistic damage

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19
Q

Sheehan Stanford Neurology: shaken baby.

A

Problem: when caregiver is done shaking, they usually slam the baby hard against a surface-wall, tables…

Traumatic brain injury

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20
Q

The highest rate of child abuse is experienced by children between…

A

Birth and 3 years of age

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21
Q

In assessment of A&N children, we especially need to focus on evaluating…

A

Overall expressive language skills

Pragmatic skills

Narrative skills

Vocabulary

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22
Q

Intervention should involve…

A

Encouraging verbal expression, especially description.

Providing a warm, nurturing environment with clear rules and boundaries.

Increasing the child’s ability to accurately describe and appropriately express emotions (using your words not hitting and kicking)

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23
Q

Intervention may especially need to involve…

A

Playing

Providing dolls, action figures, art supplies, etc.

As the child is playing or drawing, describe their actions or drawings.

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24
Q

Culturally and linguistically diverse families may…

A

Especially need direct instruction about American child abuse laws.

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25
Q

Many refugee parents have…

A

Suffered great trauma

PTSD, may neglect and abuse their children.

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26
Q

Sheehan Stanford Neurology: caregivers.

A

Ask caregivers about needs and try to help.

Give key info about child development-their expectations may be too high.

Point out what they’re doing right.

Support groups

DVDs that model good parenting

Teach using Lang/words to discipline

Model Lang stimulation strategies

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27
Q

Parents who abuse…

A

Decreased ability to tolerate infant crying

Abused babies don’t cry more than other. Parents think they do-unrealistic expectations of baby behavior.

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28
Q

Child poverty rates are highest amongst…

A

Black, Latino, and American Indian children

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29
Q

Ethnicities of children in low SES homes (high to low)

A

Hispanic

African American

Asian

White

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30
Q

Children in the Hispanic community are…

A

Disproportionately impacted by poverty.

Many are children of migrant workers

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31
Q

Many migrant workers have less than a ___th grade education

A

9th

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32
Q

Homeless children and youth lack…

A

A fixed, regular, and adequate night time residence.

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33
Q

Homelessness

A

Inability of people to pay for housing

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34
Q

When it is dangerous outside…

A

Children stay indoors and watch tv

Some low SES children watch up to 11 hours of TV a day

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35
Q

When financial resources are stressed, there are higher rates of…

A

Maternal depression

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36
Q

Low income mothers often show…

A

Lower levels of warmth, responsiveness, and sensitivity when interacting with young children.

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37
Q

Westby, 2015

A

Relationships are the cradle of all learning

Relationships between the adult and the child is the driving motivator of learning

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38
Q

Generational Poverty

A

Affects a family for 2+ generations

Welfare lifestyle

Lack of planning for future

“World owes me” mentality

Feeling of Hopelessness

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39
Q

Situational Poverty

A

Result of a particular set of circumstances

Shorter time

Have pride

Hopeful that they can overcome circumstance

40
Q

People of generational poverty have an external locus of control

A

Future determined by luck and chance.

Don’t believe they can do anything to fix it

Not open towards intervention

41
Q

People of situational poverty have an internal locus of control

A

Can influence the future by making good choices now

Believe they can shape their own fate

Open towards intervention

42
Q

SES is more critical to a child’s language development than…

A

Ethnic background

Factor most highly related to SES is the mothers educational role

43
Q

SES can predict a child’s…

A

Academic performance during the school age years

44
Q

Low SES caregivers are more likely to…

A

Give more Commands and orders

Slap or spank

45
Q

Low SES children tend to have…

A

Low vocabulary skills

Poorer grammar

Pragmatic problems

Talk about immediate daily living concerns

46
Q

Casual talk

A

Familiar, concrete, social

Used to meet needs

Genuine ?s to gain info

Simple syntax, nonspecific vocab

47
Q

Academic talk

A

Abstract, nonshared, contextual

Reflecting, planning

Pseudoquestions

Complete syntax, explicit vocabulary

48
Q

Pseudoquestions

A

Known answer questions or rhetorical questions

49
Q

Scheule, 2015

A

One classroom teacher says “use college talk”

50
Q

How is reading style affected by being low SES?

A

Families may be too poor to buy books.

Low educational levels leads to less reading.

Parents use lower level language, tell children to pay attention without interrupting, and ask basic questions that don’t require much thought.

51
Q

According to Moran (parenting.com), low income communities average about 1 book for every…

A

300 children

52
Q

When children have reading difficulties…

A

It increases the odds a child will drop out of school and have a criminal record.

53
Q

Over 70% of prisoners can’t read above a…

A

4th grade level

54
Q

3/4 of 4th graders reading below grade level will…

A

End up in prison or on welfare

55
Q

Many low SES children have substantial difficulty with…

A

Phonological awareness skills

56
Q

Dr. Carol Hammer, ASHA 2015. Rhyming.

A

The foundation of phonological awareness.

Helps children learn to listen

57
Q

Biases in standardized tests of language skills

A

Grammatical

Low SES students

Tasks are often decontextualized

58
Q

At home, many children are not…

A

Encouraged to take verbal risks, and are asked to guess.

Exposed to school or test type tasks such as verbal displays of knowledge with an unfamiliar adult.

59
Q

In order to validly evaluate the language skills of low SES children, we can use…

A

Language samples

Informal measures of language

60
Q

Considerations in language intervention

A

Reach out to families by giving them lists of resources

Send books home

Send home DVDs that demonstrate language stimulation techniques

61
Q

We need to focus on developing…

A

Pragmatics

Correct morphology and syntax

Vocab

PA skills

Literacy skills

62
Q

Cesar and Nelson 2013, SALSA (supporting acquisition of language and literacy through school home activities)

A

Experimental group: children’s books and journaling activity of weekends.

Control group: just books.

Conclusion: for low literacy parents, drawing and simple writing may be easier than reading. Weekend homework effective because parents are tired during the week.

63
Q

Neuman and Wright (2014) suggests that to increase vocabulary for literacy, we use knowledge networks

A

Multimedia is very effective

64
Q

Hammer (2015) ASHA. Teaching vocabulary words.

A

Have children repeat words back to us aloud.

Creates phonological representation

65
Q

Key steps in teaching vocabulary words

A
  1. Identify words that need to be taught
  2. Define words in a child friendly way
  3. Contextualize words into varied and meaningful formats
  4. Review words to ensure sustainability over time
  5. Monitor child’s progress and reteach if necessary
66
Q

Executive functioning involves

A

Problem solving processes that are until used during a non automatic task.

Goal directed behavior we engage in to be successful in life

Thinking about and planning for future and considering choices and their consequences.

67
Q

We can help children develop executive functioning skills by…

A

Initially providing a lot of structure

Choices and consequences

STAR-stop, think, act, review

68
Q

To help students move out of poverty, we can…

A

Be caring, involved role models

69
Q

Warmth and nurturance from caregivers promotes a secure foundation. When children reach adolescence, they are then motivated by…

A

A different kind of nurturance that includes being taken seriously and challenged to work hard and improve themselves-a growth mindset.

70
Q

Research of carol dweck divides people into 2 types…

A

Fixed mindset: intelligence and other skills are inborn and not amenable to change.

Growth mindset: intelligence and overall skills can be improved with hard work

71
Q

Children with prenatal drug or alcohol exposure are a very ____________ group

A

Heterogenous

72
Q

What is the leading cause of intellectual disability in the western world?

A

FASD (fetal alcohol spectrum disorder)

73
Q

When is the embryo most susceptible to alcohol?

A

Weeks #2-8

74
Q

A fathers ________ and _______ habits can increase a child’s risk of birth defects

A

Drinking

Smoking

75
Q

Characteristics of children with FASD

A

Small head, growth problems and low birthweight, CNS distinction, ADHD, abnormal craniofacial features, malformations of major organ systems, behavior problems, swallowing problems, learning and school problems, speech problems, poor play and social skills, cognitive problems, language delays, hearing issues, auditory processing problems, sleep disturbances, wide set eyes.

76
Q

In classroom settings we need to help FASD students be more…

A

Engaged and social

77
Q

For mothers who use cocaine, this causes her blood vessels to constrict, thus reducing the…

A

Flow of oxygen and other nutrients to the baby

78
Q

Cocaine alters action of the baby’s ________________

A

Neurotransmitters

79
Q

Behaviors and characteristics of drug exposed children

A

Poor visual tracking, motor problems, emotional lability, difficulty with transitions, tantrums, low problem solving skills, syntactic problems, word retrieval problems, attachment to new people, articulatory phonological disorders

80
Q

What can we do to keep things structured and not over stimulating for children with ADHD?

A

Routine and structure

Announce transitions (no surprises)

Limit distractions and decrease outer stimuli

81
Q

Children with ADHD often don’t retain what they learn, so we should…

A

Repeat things over and over

Use concrete hands on activities

Give directions slowly 1 by 1

82
Q

Lewis (2013) Said children prenatal ky exposed to cocaine especially had difficulties with…

A

Syntax and phonological processing

83
Q

What causes ADHD?

A

A combination of factors: genetics, dopamine imbalance, insufficiency of neurotransmitters

84
Q

What are the 3 types of ADHD?

A

Primarily inattentive (20-30%)

Primarily hyperactive (

85
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Region of cerebellum is significantly smaller in children with ADHD

86
Q

Nongenetic factors of ADHD

A

Premature birth, maternal drugs and alcohol during pregnancy, exposure to high levels of lead in early childhood.

87
Q

Watching TV/screen time before 2 years of age is strongly correlated with…

A

Attention problems later

88
Q

For children exposed to TV and screen time early…

A

School is boring, non interactive, and slow

89
Q

Computer use and executive functioning (Morris and westby)

A

Computer use: drawbacks which affect EF skills

General browsing: multitasking and continuous partial attention (causes irritability, impairs cognition)

90
Q

ADHD is most likely an impairment in the…

A

EF portion of the brain that regulates behavior, especially impulsivity

91
Q

Owens, Farinella, and Metz (2015) says that children’s poor social skills can be attributed to…

A

Pragmatic difficulties

92
Q

How is ADHD managed?

A

Stimulant medication that increases dopamine in the brain

Best: combo of pharmaceutical and behavioral approaches

93
Q

Contingency

A

What they say must relate to what other person just said

94
Q

Kowalski ASHA schools conference about ADHD

A

Social etiquette poster, social autopsy, help them get organized, timed tasks

95
Q

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation act of 1973

A

Prohibits schools from discriminating against children with disabilities

Eligibility based on physical and mental condition

ADHD students qualify for classroom accommodations if they can’t learn under typical circumstances

CSUS Speech-Language Pathology (23 decks)

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