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CSUS Speech-Language Pathology > Research Final > Flashcards

Research Final Flashcards

1
Q

EBP

A

External Scientific Evidence
Clinical Expertise/ Expert opinion
Client/ Patient/ Caregiver Perspectives

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2
Q

4 steps to EBP

A
  1. Forming PICA Questions
  2. Finding the evidence
  3. Assessing the evidence
  4. Making the decision
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3
Q

Interval validity

A

Internal: answers research question and provides evidence by controlling variance enough to provide a clear picture of the relationship btwn IV and DV

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4
Q

2 threats to internal Validity

A

Researcher Bias: reflexive about own voice/ perspective

Researcher Reactivity: designed account for influence of researcher on participants behavior

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5
Q

Results Section

A

Presentation of findings, free of investigator influence, no interpretation or study discussion. address hypotheses.

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6
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

mean, median and mode

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7
Q

Skewness

A

the lack of symmetry of a distribution

positively skewed, negatively skewed and symmetrical

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8
Q

Kurtosis

A

the general form and/or concentration of scores

Mesokurtic: bell-shaped/normal
Leptokurtic: extra peaked dist
Platykurtic: extra flat dist

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9
Q

5 basic types of qualitative research

A

Narrative, case-study, phenomenological, grounded theory and ethnographic

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10
Q

Narrative Research

A

collecting stories about individuals.

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11
Q

Case Study Research

A

in-depth description and analysis of a single individual

multiple sources of info

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12
Q

Phenomenological

A

focuses on a group of participants who share a life experience

determine presence of concept/idea/phenomenon

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13
Q

Grounded Theory

A

The goal is to develop a unifying theory that can explain a process, behavior, or interaction that is shaped by the phenomenology of participants

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14
Q

Ethnographic

A

a qualitative approach that is used when a researcher wants to describe, explain, and otherwise understand the perspectives of a group of individuals

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15
Q

4 ways narrative research is analyzed

A

Thematically (what was told)
Structurally (how it was told)
Contextually (where/when original action/storytelling took place)
Ideologically (according to specific worldview,mindset or cause)

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16
Q

Data Coding

A

Open - broad categories (domains), determine themes

Axial - several categories merged into 1 main theme.

Selective - fitting main themes into workable model to develop hypothesis

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17
Q

Parametric Statistics assumptions

A

1) The population parameter should be normally distributed
2) The level of measurement of the parameter in question should be interval or ratio
3) When there are two or more distributions of data to be analyzed, the variances of the data in the two different distributions should be about the same
4) The sample size should be large (e.g. 30)

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18
Q

Nonparametric statistics used when

A

assumptions for parametric aren’t met

1) The population parameter is not normally distributed
2) Nominal or ordinal data
3) Unequal variances
4) Small sample sizes (i.e. <10 per group)

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19
Q

Bivariate Descriptive Stats

A

examine association between 2 variables

valus from -1 to +1

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20
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

Ho.

States that there is no difference between the groups or no relationship between the variables

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21
Q

Active Hypothesis

A

The investigator’s best prediction of the differences and relationships based on evidence and theory

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22
Q

statistical analysis can ________ a hypothesis

A

disprove

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23
Q

Type 1 Error

A

researcher rejects null (Ho) hypothesis when it is in fact true

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24
Q

Type 2 Error

A

Research does not reject null (Ho) hypothesis when it is in fact false

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25
Q

alpha

A

0.05

level of significance

26
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

allows researcher to assign meaning to results

between or within subject effects

27
Q

ANOVA

A

Analysis of variance

compare differences when there are more than two groups for comparison and more than two conditions under which each group is tested. F ratio.

28
Q

df

A

number of values in the final statistic that are free to vary

N-1

29
Q

1, 2, and 3 way ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA

A

1: 1 IV
2: 2 IVs
3: 3 IVs
repeated measures: allows 1 to make between-group comparisons for each group over time

30
Q

effect size

A
  • scale free, standardized
  • provide an indication of the extent to which the value of a DV is explained by the IV
  • provide an index of the plausibility of the null hypothesis
31
Q

A priori

A

Allows one to determine the sample size required to reach a given alpha level

32
Q

post hoc

A

Allows one to evaluate research that has been completed to determine if a failure to reject the null hypothesis was related to an insufficiently large sample size

33
Q

discussion section

A

May supply further justification of the problem, choice of design, methodology, and further persuade the reader that the findings are meaningful. moves beyond details of current study. relates conclusions directly to problem. limitations of study.

34
Q

3 categories of clinical data

A

Treatment data: during intervention
Generalization probe data: outside intervention
Control Probe data: behaviors or skills not expected to change as a result to intervention

35
Q

Barriers to EBP

A

lack of tx outcomes research
employing hierarchies of evidence
RCT considered gold standard

36
Q

Population

A

any group of individuals in which the researcher is ultimately interestded

37
Q

Sample

A

subset of the population of interest

38
Q

Sample size

A

usually we only look at a sample and generalize to the whole group by inference

39
Q

Factors of sample size

A

purpose of the study, previous research, concerns about generalization, variability of attributes being investigated and research design

40
Q

Selection criteria

A

Need sufficient description to replicate it
Are criteria for group composition clearly defined and defensible
Overlap between groups on the variables that distinguishes the group?

41
Q

3 basic “ethical” principles

A
  1. respect for persons
  2. Beneficence
  3. Justice
42
Q

IRB

A

Must submit these

Must gain approval of IRB before conducting research

43
Q

Informed consent includes (3)

A
  • what the study involves (purpose)
  • description of materials, procedures, expected duration
  • the risks
44
Q

Privacy

A

an individual’s ability to control when and under what conditions others will have access to personal information.

45
Q

Confidentiality

A

ability of other people to tie specific information or data to a given individual.

46
Q

Nominal

A

Mutually exclusive labels with no “ranking” - e.g., pass/fail, male/female, group membership

47
Q

Ordinal:

A

Mutually exclusive and ranking - e.g., mild, moderate and severe.

48
Q

Interval:

A

All of the above and equivalence of units - e.g., standard scores on tests.

49
Q

Ratio

A

All of the above and equivalence of units and a true zero point

50
Q

Reliability

A

repeatability. The degree to which we can depend on the measure.

51
Q

Criterion validity

A

empirical examination of how well the measure correlates with some outside validating criterion

52
Q

Construct validity

A

empirical and rational examination of the degree to which the measure reflects some theoretical construct or explanation of the behavior or characteristic being measured.

53
Q

Concurrent validity

A

two measures measure the same content (and construct).

54
Q

Predictive validity

A

measure is used to predict some future behavior i.e. screening tools, GRE as a predictor for success in grad school.

55
Q

Observer Bias

A

has to do with variability among individuals/researchers acting as judges or raters.

56
Q

Non-interactional:

A

occurs when the researcher’s behavior affects recording of subject responses. Think of testing, too.

57
Q

Interactional

A

interactions with the subject affect changes the subjects behavior

58
Q

Data Analysis:

A

How will the data be organized, summarized, and assessed

59
Q

Therapeutic Effect

A

A beneficial change as a result of treatment

60
Q

Clinical Significance

A

A substantial therapeutic effect

61
Q

Treatment Effectiveness:

A

Positive results expected of a clinical procedure when applied in practice.

CSUS Speech-Language Pathology (23 decks)

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